• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of herbal extracts on the skin inflammatory reactions which use the makeup preparations. In experiment 1, among the herbal ingredients of herbal extracts, ethanol extracts and 1,3-BG(Butylene Glycol) extracts of Galla Rhois showed potent radical scavenging activity, more than 91% at all concentrations, tested by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hyrazyl) method. In experiment 2, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardenias Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide(NO) production, more than 87% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by the macrophage RAW 246.7 cells. And 1,3-BG extracts of Taraxaci Herbs, Corm Fructus, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production, more than 89% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In experiment 3, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardeniae Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II activity, more than 78% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by using ELISA kit. And 1,3-BG extracts of Galla Rhois, Carthami Flos, Chrysanthemi Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Corm Fructus showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II(COX-II) activity, more than 80% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Therefore, 1 expect that herbal extracts, especially Galla Rhois may be used as a drug for treatment on skin inflammation and a material of the makeup preparations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.615-619
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• 2017

Background: Black ginseng has a more potent biological activity than non-steamed ginseng. We investigated the effects of long-term intake of dietary black ginseng extract (BG) on antioxidant activity in aged mice. We also compared the effects of BG on cognitive deficits with those of white ginseng extract (WG) and red ginseng extract (RG). Methods: Ten-month-old mice were fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing 10 g/kg (low dose, L) or 30 g/kg (high dose, H) WG powder, RG powder, or BG powder for 24 wk. We measured serum lipids, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, the protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter, which are presynaptic cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain, were measured by western blotting. Results: Triglyceride levels were reduced in all the extract-treated mice, except those in the LBG group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the HBG group were higher than those in the control group. Total cholesterol levels were reduced in the LBG group. Additionally, glucose levels in the HBG group were significantly reduced by 41.2%. There were lower levels of malondialdehyde in the LBG group than in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione reductase activity increased in the HWG group and the HRG group. The protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter significantly increased in all the ginseng-treated groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that supplementation with the tested ginseng extracts may suppress the cognitive decline associated with aging, via regulation of the cholinergic and antioxidant defense systems.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2013

Photobiological hydrogen production by nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria has long been considered to be an environmentally sound and very promising method for the future supply of renewable clean energy. Using six Korean nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacterial strains and the Synechococcus sp. strain Miami BG043511 we performed cultivation experiments to find out the strain-specific optimal temperature for population growth and $H_2$ production. Under $20^{\circ}C$ the population growth of all the tested strains was significantly retarded in contrasts to the faster and higher growth under 25, 30 or $35^{\circ}C$. The highest growth rates in all the 7 strains were measured under $30^{\circ}C$ while the maximal biomass yields were under $30^{\circ}C$ (strains CB-MAL 026, 054, and 055) or $35^{\circ}C$ (strains 002, 031, 058, and Miami BG043511). The difference between the maximal biomass yields at $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ was not greater than 10%. The quantity of photobiologically produced $H_2$ was only slight larger under $35^{\circ}C$ than that under $20^{\circ}C$. Our result may suggest a two-step process of $H_2$ production which includes rapid and sizable production of biomass at $30^{\circ}C$ and the following high $H_2$ production at $20^{\circ}C$ by the test strains of marine nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods: We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$, the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results: BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1282-1291
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the hematology and serum chemistry values on Sprague-Dawley rats, used sodium fluoride (NaF) for 5 weeks. Seven-week-old male rats were divided into nine groups and fed experimental diets with oral NaF treatment, basal diet group (BG), basal diet plus oral NaF groups (NF3~NF50). Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid in serum were significantly higher in the oral NaF groups than BG (𝛼=0.05). Total calcium (T-Ca) and phosphorus (Pi) concentrations was observed to be significant difference, it was decreased with an increase in the NaF levels (𝛼=0.05). Accordingly, sodium fluoride exposures and dose-response relationship, which was found on the bad influences in hematology. Such association is considered that the long-term fluoride exposure caused nephrotoxicity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.378-386
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• 2022

Scenedesmus obliquus ABC-009 is a microalgal strain that accumulates large amounts of lutein, particularly when subjected to growth-limiting conditions. Here, the performance of this strain was evaluated for the simultaneous production of lutein and biofuels under three different modes of cultivation - photoautotrophic mode using BG-11 medium with air or 2% CO₂ and heterotrophic mode using YM medium. While it was found that the highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) level and lutein content per biomass (%) were achieved in BG-11 medium with CO₂ and air, respectively, heterotrophic cultivation resulted in much higher biomass productivity. While the cell concentrations of the cultures grown under BG-11 and CO₂ were largely similar to those grown in YM medium, the disparity in the biomass yield was largely attributed to the larger cell volume in heterotrophically cultivated cells. Post-cultivation light treatment was found to further enhance the biomass productivity in all three cases and lutein content in heterotrophic conditions. Consequently, the maximum biomass (757.14 ± 20.20 mg/l/d), FAME (92.78 ± 0.08 mg/l/d), and lutein (1.006 ± 0.23 mg/l/d) productivities were obtained under heterotrophic cultivation. Next, large-scale lutein production using microalgae was demonstrated using a 1-ton open raceway pond cultivation system and a low-cost fertilizer (Eco-Sol). The overall biomass yields were similar in both media, while slightly higher lutein content was obtained using the fertilizer owing to the higher nitrogen content.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2024

This study attempted to improve the growth of the freshwater microalgae, Parachlorella kessleri, through the sequential optimization of culture conditions. This attempt aimed to enhance the microalgae's ability to fixate atmospheric CO₂. Culture temperature and light intensity appropriate for microalgal growth were scanned using a high-throughput photobioreactor system. The supplied air flow rate varied from 0.05 to 0.3 vvm, and its effect on the growth rate of P. kessleri was determined. Next, sodium phosphate buffer was added to the culture medium (BG11) to enhance CO₂ fixation by increasing the availability of CO₂(HCO₃^-) in the culture medium. The results indicated that optimal culture temperature and light intensity were 20℃-25℃ and 300 μE/m²/s, respectively. Growth rates of P. kessleri under various air flow rates highly depended on the increase of the culture's flow rate and pH which determines CO₂ availability. Adding sodium phosphate buffer to BG11 to maintain a constant neutral pH (7.0) improved microalgal growth compared to control conditions (BG11 without sodium phosphate). These results indicate that the CO₂ fixation rate in the air could be enhanced via the sequential optimization of microalgal culture conditions.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of root growth in Kentucky bluegrass sod(KBS) and creeping bentgrass sod(BGS) transplanted in summer(August 9) and fall(September 19), respectively. Hydroponic system was also used to observe rooting development in the study. Root development differed in KBS by transplanting time. It reached to more than 5 cm after 100 days In summer and 50 days in fall. However, BGS's root grew over 6cm after 40 days, regardless of the season. There was no significant differences in BGS, regardless of any cutting treatment. In the case of KBS, it was best with sod culled with 0.5cm deep and 1.5cm long. But it grew beyond 5 cm in root growth under any treatment after 40 days in transplanting. In a hydroponic study, BGS produced root over 100cm for 80 days through a summer season. However, the root of KBS did only grow in condition below $20^{\circ}C$. These results indicated that root growth characteristics were variable in BGS and KBS. It was considered that rooting development of BGS might be improved with sufficient irrigation in summer, and KBS grows well in lower temperature of $10{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, as compared with BGS. As to establishing the lawn with a sodding method, it should be careful in transplanting time, especially KBS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.869-876
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• 2013

To develop functional products based on black garlic, a black garlic extract (BG) of 7 brix, a gaeddongssuk extract (GS) of 0.7 brix and two types of mixtures (MBS-I, black garlic 7 brix : gaeddongssuk 0.7 brix; MBS-II, black garlic 14 brix : gaeddongssuk 1.4 brix, 93:7, v/v) were supplemented to rats training on a treadmill for 4 weeks. Body weight from the training did not decrease during the experimental period. Serum albumin content significantly increased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. The BUN content significantly decreased in BG and MBS-II groups compared to the control. AST and ALP activities significantly decreased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in MBS-I and MBS-II groups significantly decreased compared to the control. Lipid levels in the serum and liver tissue were not significantly different between the MBS-I and MBS-II groups. The lipid peroxide content in the serum and liver tissue was significantly reduced in the groups fed all extracts compared to the control; the serum and liver lipid contents was lowest in the MBS-I and MBS-II groups, respectively. Hepatic catalase activity in the GS and MBS groups increased by 1.8~2.3 times compared to the control. SOD and GSH-px activities significantly increased from treatment with the extracts by 1.3~1.5 times and 1.2~1.7 times, respectively. These results indicate that a mixture of BG and GS extracts has higher biological activity than a single supplementation of BG or GS extract. Therefore, the addition of gaeddongssuk to black garlic (MBS-I and MBS-II) is effective as a defense material against oxidative stress. MBS-I may be especially effective for its biological activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2011

The chemical components (e.g., proximate composition, nucleotide-related compounds, and amino-acid content) of raw, dried, and boiled giant squids were investigated. The moisture contents of raw, dried, and boiled giant squids were 75.65, 39.75, and 41.12%, respectively. The boiled giant squid had a higher moisture content than the dried giant squid. The crude protein contents of raw, dried, and boiled giant squids were 20.10, 56.25, and 49.58%, respectively, with that of the dried giant squid higher than that of the boiled giant squid. The crude lipid contents of the raw, dried, and boiled giant squids were 0.15, 0.57, and 1.35%, respectively, with the boiled giant squid having the highest crude lipid content. The crude ash content of raw, dried, and boiled giant squids were 1.68, 4.50, and 6.77%, respectively. IMP content was detected in the dried (1.21 mg/100 g) and boiled(0.25 mg/100 g) giant squids. In the sensory scores, the degree of bitterness, acidity, and aftertaste had lower values in the dried and boiled giant squids than in the raw giant squid. A total of 18 amino acids were detected in the samples, and most of the samples had high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, and arginine and low contents of histidine, tyrosine, and methionine. The free-amino-acid content was related to the taste component. The major free amino acid contained by the samples were hydroxyproline, alanine, arginine.