• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the changes in the echolocation and prey-capture behavior of the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum from search phase to capture time. The experiment was conducted in an indoor free-flight room fitted with an ultra-high-speed camera. We found that the bats searched for food while hanging from a structure, and capturing was carried out using the flight membrane. In addition, it was confirmed that the mouth and uropatagium were continuously used in tandem during the capturing process. Furthermore, using Constant Frequency (CF), we confirmed that the prey catching method reflected the wing morphology and echolocation pattern of R. ferrumequinum. The echolocation analysis revealed that the pulse duration, pulse interval, peak frequency, start-FM-bandwidth, and CF duration decreased as the search phase approached the terminal phase. Detailed analysis of echolocation pulse showed that the end-FM bandwidth, which increases as it gets nearer to the capture time of prey, was closely related to the accurate grasp of the location of an insect. At the final moment of prey capture, the passive listening that stopped the divergence of the echolocation was identified; this was determined to be the process of minimizing the interruption from the echo of the echolocation call emitted from the bat itself and sound waves emitted from the prey.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2009

The dorsal lingual papillae of Sorex caecutiens were studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy. Three types of lingual papillae were found: filiform papillae, fungiform papillae and circumvallate papillae. Filiform papillae were observed in most part of the tongue except on the lateral surface. There were basically three types of filiform papillae distinguished mainly by their morphological shape and structure. Numerous fungiform papillae were spread throughout the whole tongue, especially concentrated in lateral sides. The size varied according to the position of fungiform papillae, becoming larger as it reached to the rear. Strict pair-wise distribution was not observable, but fungiform papillae were mostly located in orderly manner. There were two large circumvallate papillae at the posterior region of the tongue. There were two thick pads around the center part where several bodies were gathered together. Overall research provided similar results with other close species such as common shrew (S. araneus). The circumvallate papillae of S. caecutiens were different from other Sorex species. They were circular, as in bats and other Sorex species, and had two distinguishable pads while others had only one.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.665-675
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the home range and habitat use of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum individuals that inhabit urban areas. The bats were tracked using GPS tags. For analysis of the home rage, Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Kernel Home Range (KHR) methods were used. The landscape types of all positional information were analyzed using ArcGIS 9.3.1 (ESRI Inc.). The average home range of 16 R. ferrumequinum individuals was $68.63{\pm}25.23ha$, and the size of the overall home range for the females ($85.49{\pm}25.40ha$) was larger than that for the males ($51.76{\pm}8.30ha$). The highest average home range for the males was found in August ($61.21{\pm}0.01ha$), whereas that for the females was found in September ($112.27{\pm}5.94ha$). The size of 50% KHR ranged from a minimum of 13.26 ha to a maximum of 31.00 for the males and a minimum of 8.02 ha to a maxinum of 42.16 ha for the females, showing no significant differences between the two sexes. In addition, males and females showed no differences in the size of 50% KHR in the monthly comparisons. However, the females showed differences in the size of their core area between periods before and after giving birth. The comparisons between 100% MCP and 50% KHR showed that the types of habitats used by R. ferrumequinum were mostly forest areas, including some farmlands. In addition, comparisons with a land cover map showed that the proportion of broad-leaved forests was the highest, followed by that of mixed forests.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to understand the visual system of bat by analyzing the distribution of middle/long (ML) opsin cone photoreceptors in the retina of the greater horseshoe bat. Methods: Experiments have been performed by standard immunocytochemical techniques on retina of the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Results: The estimated numbers of ML cones were $27,336{\pm}2,130$ cells and the mean density of them was $7,854{\pm}268cells/mm^2$ among the four retinas. S opsin was appeared a little immunoreactivity in the outer segments of outer nuclear layer of cones. Conclusions: From the well organized spatial distributions of ML opsin and the immunoreactivity of S opsin in the retinas, the greater horseshoe bats have the functions not only reacting in the photopic vision but being able to distinguish the colors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.875-879
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose the measurement camera system of flight data of golfball for the application of screen golf contents. The existing flight data extraction system that applied on the screen golf content divided plate is dependent on it. in this paper, the camera system install in the ceiling that is able to look at passing golf ball. And left-handed and left-handed bats in the clear of the restrictions. Using high-speed CCD camera is shooting the ball flying. Acquired image is calculated from the coordinates. The location information of the calculated golf ball calculates a speed and a direction by using the physical formula, it applies the golf contents. After this system is useful sports type contents baseball, soccer, tennis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.394-405
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• 1997

Endogenous zinc is important for maintaining zinc homeostasis because the size of endogenous zinc pool is almost 3-4 times bigger than that of dietary zinc. The purpose of this study was to examine the phytate effect on the reabsorption of endogenous zinc and the additional Ca effect on the phytate effect. Rats were fed a casein-based diet with added sodium phytate containing either high(1.6%) or low(0.8%) Ca concentrations for 4 weeks to reduce the body zinc pool. After the depletion period, $^{65}$ Zn was given by intraperitoneal injection to label the endogenous zinc pool. Rats were then assigned into phytate or non-phytate group within the same Ca group. feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection period and 1 week after dietary crossover. The ratios of excreted fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity of phytate group non-phytate group were determined as a measure of the phytate effect on the endogenous zinc. Mean fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group during the entire 3 weeks of the collection period in the low Ca group, and during the initial collection period in the high Ca group(p <0.0001). This study showed an adverse phytate effect on endogenous zinc at both high and low dietary Ca levels. Elevated dietary Ca levels showed a synergistic effect on the phytate effect on endogenous zinc(p <0.05). These results imply greater phytate effect on zinc homeostasis rather than on zinc bioavailability through complexing with the endogenous zinc which is larger portion than the dietary zinc on zinc homeostasis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.121-135
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to suggest a theoretical basis to name Sa(紗) and Ra(羅) remains properly by comparing and analyzing the name, usage, value, length and width of Sa(紗) and Ra(羅) recorded on documents made at the end period of Joseon. The features of Sa(紗) and Ra(羅) at the end of the Joseon Period are as follows. 1. The kinds of Sa(紗) are about 80, those of Ra(羅) are about 12, and those of Sa(紗) are significantly more than those of Ra(羅). In regard to the aspect of patterns, there were about 20 types of patterns in the case of Sa(紗), but no specific pattern for Ra(羅). 2. Some newly revealed patterns in the case of Sa (紗) are as follows. Baek -bok-mun(백복문) was a pattern full of ‘bats(박쥐[복])’, and Baek-jeop-mun(백접문) was a pattern full of ‘butterflies(나비[蝶])’ Jeop-mun(접문) was classified into ‘butterfly patterns(나비문[접문])’ and ‘traditional window flame patterns(창살문[접문])‘. 3. When considering the usages of Sa(紗) and Ra(羅), Sa(紗) was used for various detailed purposes according to their kinds and patterns, but Ra(羅) was mostly used for underwear. The most commonly used Sa(紗) was the Gab-sa type(甲紗類). On the contrary, the Go-sa type(庫紗類) was significantly less used than the Gab-sa type(甲紗類). However, it must have been of relatively high quality Sa(紗), shown by the fact that it was used for outer garments. In addition, the Gung-sa type(宮紗類) was the best quality Sa(紗), shown by the fact that it was used for court dress and official uniforms in the royal court. 4. Sa(紗) and Ra(羅) whose features have been examined we Gapsa(甲紗), Sun-in (純仁), Gosa(庫紗), Gwansa(官紗), Jusa(走紗), Eunjosa(은조사), Gwangsa(廣紗), Waesa(倭紗), Dorisa(도리사), Gong-yangsa(공양사), Rasa(羅紗), Danghangra(唐亢羅), Yanghangra(洋亢羅), Yunjura(윤주라), Eunra(銀羅), Jeohangra(저항라), Chura(秋羅). 5. Regarding the values of Sa(紗) and Ra(羅), they were high quality textures and its length and width of 1 Pil(疋), a roll of cloth, were not subdivided in detail such as in the case of plain weaved silks(平絹).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.469-480
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• 2006

Patterns in clothing symbolize some specific meaning that differs across cultures and religions, although patterns have been mostly used to realize human desires to overcome natural hazards in every culture or religion. This research aims to compare animal patterns of Korea (Confucian/Buddhism culture) with those of Byzantine (Christian culture), based upon a research method of literature survey. It is found through the research that both cultures used common patterns, such as dragon, butterfly, bat, honeybee, peacock, fish, and chicken. In the case of dragon patterns, Korea used it to symbolize emperor, dignity, or authority, while Byzantine used it for devil. Bat patterns had different symbolic meanings in both cultures: they mean happiness, longevity, prosperity or many off-springs in Korea while they mean misfortune or unhappiness in Byzantine. On the other hand, the rest of animal patterns, including butterfly, honeybee, peacock, chicken, had quite a similar symbolic meaning. Butterfly means change of life or beginning of new life in Korea, whereas it means resurrection in Byzantine. Honeybee symbolizes diligence, order, and cooperation. Many animal patterns were used in both cultures at the same time. Another difference can be found in terms of the kind of animals; for example, Korea used wild goose, pheasant, giraffe, deer, mandarin duck & turtle, while Byzantine used eagle, snake, pigeon. Of course, each and every animal has its own meaning, mostly positive. Except dragons and bats, both cultures have a similar meaning in most of animal patterns. Generally speaking, Korea used imaginary animals to pray for human happiness, but Byzantine used real animals to pray for resurrections.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.57-74
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• 2015

The history of foot-binding was once regarded as a unique practice accentuating the beauty of a woman and the culture of the costume, to be found nowhere except in China. This thesis makes it an aim to understand the culture of costume in China by analyzing the beauty of foot-binding, and its meanings associated with the historical background of the costume. The method of investigation was by both previous literature on the topic and case analysis. The shoes were analyzed by colors, patterns and decorations; selecting 70 pieces easily accessible in the Tianjin Huaxia Shoes Culture Museum. In terms of form, the general type was of the most frequent, followed by one with an elevated toe, mixed type, and one of the downward toe, sequentially. The color of foot-binding shoes were mostly vivid chromatic colors, while the achromatic ones like black and grey constituting significant portions. In view of the patterns, plants patterns were the most frequent, followed by the mixed patterns of mostly flowers with butterflies, bats, and birds desiring the prosperity of descendants. In view of the ornaments, embroidery was the most frequent, while the mixed shoes included tassels, sequins, applique, and shoes without ornaments were of distributions. The forms, colors, patterns and ornaments clearly associated with the wishes of artistic beauty, sexuality, and rise in women's social status may be in the hope of leading others to understand the costume culture embedded in the Chinese by providing important clues about them.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2011

Sperm morphology of Pipistrellus savii velox was examined by transmission electron microscope. The sperm head of P. savii velox was bullet in shape. The sperm head was 3.1 ${\mu}m$ in length, whose posterior 3.0 ${\mu}m$ was occupied by a nucleus with 1.8 ${\mu}m$ in width. The segmented columns were about 14~15 in number. The total number of mitochondrial gyres was 57. Number of 1, 5, and 6 of the outer dense fibers were larger than the others. A fibrous sheath and longitudinal column of the principal piece were evidence, but the fibrous sheath was not seen at the end piece. In the present study, the length of the sperm head of P. savii velox were very shorter than those of other bats.