• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.201-216
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• 2019

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in all age pigs. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a disease caused by opportunistic bacterial infection secondary to a weakened immune system by a preceding respiratory infection. In this study, we tried to compare the immune responses in PRRS and PRDC groups to clearly characterize the disease severity. Eighty-five pigs were infected with various Korean field PRRS virus strains. Infected animals were classified into PRRS (n=32) and PRDC (n=53) groups based on lung lesions such as interstitial pneumonia, suppurative pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia. The immune cell population of bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALc) was evaluated on 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi) and PMBC cytokine expression was measured on 0, 3, 7, 14 dpi to investigate early inflammatory reactions. Pulmonary lesion severity was negatively correlated with alveolar macrophage (AM) in both PRRS and PRDC groups on 14 and 28 dpi. AM in BALc was less populated in PRDC group on 28 dpi compared to PRRS group. AM in BALc was significantly less populated in PRDC group on 28 dpi compared to 14 dpi. In addition, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in BALc was higher populated in PRDC group on 14 dpi and 28 dpi compared to PRRS group. In the case of PBMC cytokine TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, FoxP3, and IL-2, the PRRS group showed higher expression than the PRDC group on 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 14 dpi, and 14 dpi, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, and IL-17, the PRDC group showed higher PBMC cytokine expression at 14 dpi, 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 3 dpi, and 3 dpi, respectively, than the PRRS group. Based on these results, our study could characterize differential immune responses in pigs with PRRS or PRDC.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.610-615
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• 2010

Alcohol is the most widely psychoactive drug and has known in almost all civilization since ancient time. Recently increase consuming alcoholic beverages, alcohol is on of the major public health problems in the world. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) play important roles in the metabolism of alcohols and aldehydes. The drink consists of medicinal herbs, Puerariae Radix, Phyllostachyos Folium, Citri Pericarpium, Polygonati Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Rhizoma (Vinegar), which have been widely used in oriental medicine. This study was designed to investigate effects of medicinal herbal drink (MHD) on alcohol metabolism in drunken SD rats subjects. In experiment, rats were treated to ethanol (EtOH, 3 g/kg, PO) at 60 min. after saline (CON) or MHD (1 ml/kg, PO) administration. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC), blood acetaldehyde concentration (BALC) activities of ADH, ALDH, AST and ALT were significantly decreased in MHD group than in control group as a time-dependent manner. And drinking water volume in MHD group with duplicate treatment, were significantly decreased than in CON group. These results suggested that MHD intake could give an influence upon the reduction in BAC and BALC may alleviate acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by altering alcohol metabolic enzyme activities.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2008

Background & Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa. The major symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen. So, we aimed to determine therapeutic effects of Acorus gramineus by observing changes in IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and the nasal mucosal tissue. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mice were divided into three groups : m group(which ate low concentrated herbal medicine ), M group(which ate high concentrated herbal medicine) and control group. Control and experimental group were induced allergic rhinitis by Ovalbumin as the method of Levin and Vaz. Experimental group was orally administered the Acorus gramineus extract for 28days. We observed changes in IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and trans aminase(AST, ALT) in blood and nasal mucosa and submucosa. Results : There were no significant changes statistically in IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood(p<0.05). And there were no hepatotoxicity with Acorus gramineus extract. Histologically, almost no inflammatory response in treatment group(m,M) against that there were inflammatory response(increased goblet cells, dilated vessels, edema of bowman's glands and injured olfactory hairs) in control group. Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Acorus gramineus has no immunological effects on allergic rhinitis.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권3호통권31호
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• pp.75-89
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• 2006

Background & Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa and the symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Rhinitis is classified into allergic rhinitis and nonallergic. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen, and vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic noninfectious hypersensitive reaction. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased and the rate of vasomotor rhinitis is high. However there have been no studies about vasomotor rhinitis compared with allergic rhinitis. And there have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Tongkwansan. Therefore this study is aimed to find out the effects of Tongkwansan on allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mouses divided into three groups : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, mouses were sensitized intrapertioneally 0.1 % ovalvumin solution three times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, mouses in the sample group were oral and administration treated by Tongkwansan for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the segment of leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p<0.05). Results : There were no significant changes statistically in leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocytem, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood(p<0.05). Hypertrophy of epithelium in nasal mucosa and expansion of glandular cells in nasal submucosa were decreased in treated group when compared with control group. Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Tongkwansan has significant effects on vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2009

This study investigated whether trinitroglycerine (TNG) as nitric oxide (NO) releasing agent had anti-leishmanial effects and mediated pathology in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a zoonotic infection caused by leishmania protozoa is still one of the health problems in the world and in Iran. NO is involved in host immune responses against intracellular L. major, and leishmania killing by macrophages is mediated by this substance. Moreover, application of CL treatment with NO-donors has been recently indicated. In our study, TNG was used for its ability to increase NO and to modify CL infection in mice, in order to evaluate NO effects on lesion size and formation, parasite proliferation inside macrophages, amastigote visceralization in target organs, and NO induction in plasma and organ suspensions. Data obtained in this study indicated that TNG increased plasma and liver-NO, reduced lesion sizes, removed amastigotes from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, declined proliferation of amastigotes, hepatomegaly, and increased survival rate. However, TNG reduced spleen-NO and had no significant effects on spelenomegaly. The results show that TNG therapy reduced leishmaniasis and pathology in association with raised NO levels. TNG had some antiparasitic activity by reduction of positive smears from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, which could emphasize the role of TNG to inhibit visceralization of L. major in target organs.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권1호통권32호
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• pp.16-26
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• 2007

Background &Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa and the major symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Rhinitis is classified into allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen, and vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious is hypersensitive reaction. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased and the rate of vasomotor rhinitis is high. However there have been no studies about vasomotor rhinitis compared with allergic rhinitis. And there have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Tongkwansan. Therefore this study is aimed to find out the effects of Tongkwansan on allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mouses were divided into three groups : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, mouses were sensitized intrapertioneally 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, mouses in the sample group were oral administration treated by Tongkwansan for 28 days. We observed changes in the segment of IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$, Total IgE, and ovalvumin specific IgE in blood. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p<0.05). Results : There were no significant changes statistically in $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-5 in blood(p<0.05). There were also no significant changes statistically in Total IgE, OVA-specific IgE in blood(p<0.05). Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Tongkwansan has no significant effects on allergic rhinitis. But it is supposed that Tongkwansan has significant effects on vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2015

본 연구는 다양한 효능을 지닌 초과(Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire)의 안전한 이용을 위한 독성평가로 식품의약품안전처 고시 제2014-6호 '의약품등의 독성시험기준'에 맞는 독성시험법에 따라 Balb/c mouse를 이용하여 3주간 반복경구투여를 통해 초과의 안전성을 확인하고자 하였다. 3주간 반복 경구투여 후 체중, 장기중량 측정, 혈액분석 및 혈액생화학 검사를 실시하여 안전성을 확인 한 결과, 초과에 의한 특별한 증상이나 체중, 장기중량의 변화는 관찰되지 않았으며, 복대동맥으로부터 채혈한 혈액을 통한 혈구분석결과에서도 대조군과 초과 추출물 투여군 간의 통계적인 유의성을 관찰 할 수 없었다. 또한 혈청을 이용하여 간기능(GOT, GPT, LDH, ALB, TP-S, T-BIL, D-BIL), 신장기능(BUN, CRE), 지질영양 관련(TG), 전해질 관련(I.P) 지표들의 생화학분석을 수행한 결과, 대조군과 유사하게 모두 정상 범위 내의 결과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 초과 추출물의 최대무독성용량은 최고 투여량인 2000 mg/kg 이상으로 판단되며, 본 연구결과는 초과의 기능성 식품, 화장품, 의약품 등 다양한 소재로서의 활용에 안전성 관련 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.543-552
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• 1995

카드뮴이 BALC/c 마우스의 세포성면역능에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 여러 농도의 카드뮴이 첨가된 음료를 장기간 동안 자유급식하고, 비장내 T helper 및 T suppressor cell의 분포도, 복강대식세포의 탐식능 및 시험관내에서 Con-A 및 LPS에 대한 비장세포의 증식능을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 각군의 6주간 체중 증가율은 대조군이 27.0%이었으며, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군의 체중증가율은 각각 28.54%, 28.31%, 20.49% 및 18.04%로 나타났다. 2. 체중당 비장무게(mg/g)는 대조군이 $4.34{\pm}0.23$이었으며, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군은 각각 $4.20{\pm}0.54$, $4.80{\pm}0.87$, $4.25{\pm}0.32$ 및 $4.40{\pm}0.32$이었다. 또한 총비장세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군($24.29{\pm}5.98$)에 비해 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군에서 각각 14.1%, 35.7%, 16.6% 및 22.0%증가하였다. 3. 총 $CD_4{^+}$ 세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군이 $9.15{\pm}2.24$, 25, 50, 100 및 200ppm $CdCl_2$, 투여군은 각각 $10.40{\pm}2.04$, $12.04{\pm}3.08$, $10.20{\pm}3.16$ 및 $10.80{\pm}1.48$ 이었으며, 총 $CD_8{^+}$ 세포수(${\times}10^7$)는 대조군이 $2.32{\pm}0.56$, 각 실험군의 총세포수는 $2.54{\pm}0.27$, $3.12{\pm}0.80$, $2.25{\pm}0.70$ 및 $2.24{\pm}0.28$ 이었다. 한편, $CD_4{^+}/CD_8{^+}$ 비율은 50ppm 투여군($3.88{\pm}0.01$)을 제외하고 모든 실험군에서 대조군($3.97{\pm}0.02$)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.001). 4. 카드뮴 처리군의 SRBC에 대한 복강대식세포의 탐식능은 25 및 50ppm 투여군에서는 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05 및 p<0.01), 100 및 200ppm 투여군에서는 대조군과 유사하였다. 5. 시험관에서의 Con-A 및 LPS에 대한 비장림프구 증식반응은 LPS의 경우 카드뮴 농도에 비례하여 억제되었으나 Con-A에 대한 증식반응은 저농도($10^{-7}-10^{-6}M$)에서 증가된 양상을 보였다. 6. $CdCl_2$에 대한 비장세포의 세독독성은 $10^{-4}M$에서 특히 높았다. 이상의 결과는 카드뮴이 세포성면역반응에서 중요한 역할을 하는 T세포 아군의 분포도를 변화시키므로써 면역반응에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사한다.