• 제목/요약/키워드: B5MME

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CMIP5 MME와 Best 모델의 비교를 통해 살펴본 미래전망: II. 동아시아 단·장기 미래기후전망에 대한 열역학적 및 역학적 분석 (Future Change Using the CMIP5 MME and Best Models: II. The Thermodynamic and Dynamic Analysis on Near and Long-Term Future Climate Change over East Asia)

  • 김병희;문혜진;하경자
    • 대기
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.249-260
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    • 2015
  • The changes in thermodynamic and dynamic aspects on near (2025~2049) and long-term (2075~2099) future climate changes between the historical run (1979~2005) and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 run with 20 coupled models which employed in the phase five of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) over East Asia (EA) and the Korean Peninsula are investigated as an extended study for Moon et al. (2014) study noted that the 20 models' multi-model ensemble (MME) and best five models' multi-model ensemble (B5MME) have a different increasing trend of precipitation during the boreal winter and summer, in spite of a similar increasing trend of surface air temperature, especially over the Korean Peninsula. Comparing the MME and B5MME, the dynamic factor (the convergence of mean moisture by anomalous wind) and the thermodynamic factor (the convergence of anomalous moisture by mean wind) in terms of moisture flux convergence are analyzed. As a result, the dynamic factor causes the lower increasing trend of precipitation in B5MME than the MME during the boreal winter and summer over EA. However, over the Korean Peninsula, the dynamic factor causes the lower increasing trend of precipitation in B5MME than the MME during the boreal winter, whereas the thermodynamic factor causes the higher increasing trend of precipitation in B5MME than the MME during the boreal summer. Therefore, it can be noted that the difference between MME and B5MME on the change in precipitation is affected by dynamic (thermodynamic) factor during the boreal winter (summer) over the Korean Peninsula.

Crystallization of 28 kDa Clonochis sinesis Glutathione S-transferase

  • Kim, Young-Kwan;Chung, Yong-Je
    • 한국결정학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.32-34
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    • 2003
  • 여러 조건하에서 Clonorchis sinensis로부터 helminth glutatione S-transferase(28kDa isozyme)가 결정화되었다. 0.05 M potassium 완충 용액 (pH 7.0) 내에서 10% polyehtylene glycol MME 550(PEG MME 5 K)에서 자라난 결정이 $3.0{\AA}$ 분해능까지 회절하였다. 이 결정의 결정학적 자료는 다음과 같다 : 단사정계 공간 군 C2, $a=95.83{\AA}$, $b=63.82{\AA}$, $c=235.09{\AA}$, ${\beta}=97.2^{\circ}$.

농흉치료에 대한 조기 Minithoracotomy 와 흉관삽관술의 비교연구 (Comparative Analysis between Early Minithoracotomy and Conventional Treatment for Empyema)

  • 임종수
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.1101-1105
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    • 1989
  • Fifty one patients with empyema thoracic were managed at the Kyung Hee University Medical Center during 5 years between December, 1982, and December, 1987. The patients were classified into two groups; group A [early minithoracotomy-9 patients] and group B[conventional chest tube insertion-42 patients]. Each group was retrospectively analyzed to compare the results in terms of leukocyte count change, body temperature change, duration of hospitalization, elapsed time to chest tube removal and the need for subsequent decortication and tube change. There was no statistical difference between two groups in terms of etiology, age and sex. l. In the group A, mean preoperative leukocyte count [19,300/mme] decreased to 8,688/mme postoperatively. In the group B, leukocyte count changed from 16,985/mme to 14,433/mme. Their differences were significant [P< 0.05]. 2. In the group A, mean preoperative body temperature [38.5] decreased to 36.7. In the group B, body temperature changed from 38.1oC to 37.5 oC. Their differences were significant [P < 0.05]. 3. Mean duration of Hospitalization; 18.2 days [group A], 30.2 days [group B]. Their differences were significant [P < 0.01]. 4. Mean elapsing time for chest tube removal; 15.2 days [group A], 28.5 days [group B]. Their differences were significant [P < 0.01]. 5. There was no need for subsequent decortication and chest tube change in the group A. There were 22 cases [52.3 %] for subsequent decortication and 12 cases [28.6 %] for chest tube change in the group B. Early minithoracotomy in treating empyema thoracis resulted in a shorter hospital stay and a shorter period of tube drainage than conventional method.

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CMIP5 MME와 Best 모델의 비교를 통해 살펴본 미래전망: I. 동아시아 기온과 강수의 단기 및 장기 미래전망 (Future Change Using the CMIP5 MME and Best Models: I. Near and Long Term Future Change of Temperature and Precipitation over East Asia)

  • 문혜진;김병희;오효은;이준이;하경자
    • 대기
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.403-417
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    • 2014
  • Future changes in seasonal mean temperature and precipitation over East Asia under anthropogenic global warming are investigated by comparing the historical run for 1979~2005 and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 run for 2006~2100 with 20 coupled models which participated in the phase five of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). Although an increase in future temperature over the East Asian monsoon region has been commonly accepted, the prediction of future precipitation under global warming still has considerable uncertainties with a large inter-model spread. Thus, we select best five models, based on the evaluation of models' performance in present climate for boreal summer and winter seasons, to reduce uncertainties in future projection. Overall, the CMIP5 models better simulate climatological temperature and precipitation over East Asia than the phase 3 of CMIP and the five best models' multi-model ensemble (B5MME) has better performance than all 20 models' multi-model ensemble (MME). Under anthropogenic global warming, significant increases are expected in both temperature and land-ocean thermal contrast over the entire East Asia region during both seasons for near and long term future. The contrast of future precipitation in winter between land and ocean will decrease over East Asia whereas that in summer particularly over the Korean Peninsula, associated with the Changma, will increase. Taking into account model validation and uncertainty estimation, this study has made an effort on providing a more reliable range of future change for temperature and precipitation particularly over the Korean Peninsula than previous studies.

Synthesis and Reactivity of the Pentacoordinate Organosilicon and -germanium Compounds Containing the C,P-Chelating ο-Carboranylphosphino Ligand [ο-C2B10H10PPh2-C,P](CabC,P

  • Lee, Tae-Gweon;Kim, Sang-Hoon;Kong, Myong-Seon;Kang, Sang-Ook;Ko, Jae-Jung
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.845-851
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    • 2002
  • The synthesis of the intramolecular donor - stabilized silyl and germyl complexes of the type ($Cab^c.p) MMe_2X$ (2a:M=Si, X=Cl;2b;M= Ge, X=Cl;2e;M=Si,X=H) was achieved by the reaction of $LiCab^c,p$ (1) with $Me_2SiClX$ and $Me_2GeCl_2$ respectively. The intramolecular M←P interacion in 2a-2c is provided by $^1H$, $13^C.$, $31^P$ and $29^Si$ NMR spectroscopy. The salt elimination reactions of dichlorotetramethyldisilane and -digermane with 1 afforded the $bis(\sigma-carboranylphosphino)disilane$ and disgermane [$(Cab^C.P)MMe_2]_2(4a;M$ = Si;4b: M=Ge). The oxidative addition reaction of 4a-4b with $pd_2(dba)_3CHCl_3afforded$ the bis(silyl)-and bis(germyl)-palladium complexes. The chloro-bridged dipalladium complexes were obtained by the reaction of 2a-2b with $pd_2(dba)_3CHCl_3$ The crystal structures of 5a and 7b were determined by X-ray structural studies.

INCONEL 718 초내열 합금의 열처리에 따른 미세조직 변화 (Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructures of Inconel 718 Superalloy)

  • 최중환;이기룡;조창용;김인배
    • 열처리공학회지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.85-94
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    • 1992
  • Microstructural evolution of wrought Inconel 718 superalloy with different heat treatment conditions was studied. Heat treatment was performed via conventional(CHT), modified(MHT), Merrick(MeHT) and modified Merrick (MMeHT) methods. The size of ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ and ${\gamma}^{\prime\prime}$ precipitates which are principal strengthening phases in Inconel 718 superalloy increase in order of CHT, MHT, MeHT. For the case of MMeHT, a coexistence of fine ${\gamma}^{\prime\prime}$ precipitate and very coarse particles due to exess growth of ${\gamma}^{\prime\prime}$, which is called bimodal distribution, was observed. CHT gave the finest grain size. (Ti, Nb)C carbide and needle-like ${\delta}$ phase were formed together at grain boundaries for CHT, and were formed both inside and at boundaries of grains for MHT, MeHT and MMeHT. Morphology of partially serrated grain boundaries was developed in all heat treatment conditions except CHT.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum and Gallium Complexes of Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazones. Crystal Structures of $Me_2M[SC_4H_3CHNNC(S)SCH_3$] (M=Al, Ga)

  • 강영진;유병우;강상욱;고재정;강승주
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.63-67
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    • 1998
  • The synthesis and characterization of the monomeric group 13 heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone complexes $Me_2M[SC_4H_3CHNNC(S)SCH_3]$ (M=Al (2), Ga (3)) are described. Compounds 2-3 were prepared using $MMe_3$ (M=Al, Ga) in toluene with 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde-S-methyldithiocarbazat e under anaerobic conditions. These complexes have been characterized by $^1H\;NMR,\; ^{13}C\; NMR$, elemental analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group $P2_1/c$ with unit cell parameters a=10.2930(5) Å, b=18.564 (1) Å, c=7.3812(6) Å, V=1347.9(2) Å3, $D_{calc}=1.342\; gcm^{-3}$ for Z=4, 9281 reflections with $I_o<3{\sigma}\;(I_o),$ R1=0.0500 and wR2=0.0526. 3 crystalizes in the orthorhombic space group $P_{bca}$ with unit cell parameters a=13.340(3) Å, b=19.9070(5) Å, c=11.3690(2) Å, $V=2673.88(9)\;{\AA}^3$, $D_{calc}=1.511\; gcm^{-3}$ for Z=8, 17004 reflections with $I_o>3{\sigma}\;(I_o),$, R1=0.0480 and wR2=0.0524. Compound 3 is a monomeric gallium compound with a weak interaction between the pendant thiophene and the gallium center.

Preliminary X-ray Studies of a New Crystal form of 28 kDa Clonorchis sinensis Glutathione S-Transferase

  • Cho, Youn-Hye;Kim, Young-Kwan;Kim, Seung-Joon;Hong, Seong-Jong;Chung, Yong-Je
    • 한국결정학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.138-140
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    • 2005
  • A new crystal of helminth glutathione S-transferase, 28 kDa isozyme from Clonorchis sinensis has been grown from a 20% PEG MME 550 solution containing 50 mM $CaCl_{2}$ in 0.1 M bis-Tris buffer (pH 6.5) in $2{\sim}3$ days. The crystals diffract to $3.0{\AA}$ resolution and belong to the orthorhombic space group $P2_{1}2_{1}2_{1}$ with cell parameters $a=62.58{\AA},\;b=69.92{\AA},\;and\;c=339.67{\AA}$.

쌍 T-형 결함 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 활용한 다리 골절 회복 모니터링 모의실험 (Leg Fracture Recovery Monitoring Simulation using Dual T-type Defective Microstrip Patch Antenna)

  • 김병문;윤리호;이상민;박연택;홍재표
    • 한국전자통신학회논문지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.587-594
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    • 2023
  • 본 논문은 인체 다리의 골절 회복 모니터링을 위한 쌍 T-형 결함이 있는 온 바디 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나의 설계 및 최적화 과정을 제시하였다. 이 안테나는 T-형 결함의 크기를 조절하여 향상된 반사손실 및 대역폭을 가지면서, 경박단소하도록 설계되었다. 적용된 다리 주변 구조는 5층 유전체 평면으로 구조화 하였으며, 각층의 복소유전상수는 4극 Cole-Cole 모델 매개변수를 사용하여 계산하였다. 골절이 없는 정상인 경우 온 바디 안테나의 반사손실은 4.0196GHz에서 -66.71dB이고, 갤러스 층의 길이 10.0mm, 폭 1.0mm, 높이 2.0mm 인 경우 반사손실 차 ΔS11 는 37.95dB이다. 반사손실 변화에 대한 갤러스 층 높이를 예측할 수 있도록 3차 다항식 모델을 제시하였으며, 이 다항식의 RSS = 1.4751, R2 = 0.9988246, P-value = 0.0001841로서 매우 높은 예측 적합성을 가진다.

Identification of Genes Modulated by High Extracellular Calcium in Coculture of Mouse Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Cells by Oligo Chip Assay

  • Kim, Hyung-Keun;Song, Mi-Na;Jun, Ji-Hae;Woo, Kyung-Mi;Kim, Gwan-Shik;Baek, Jeong-Hwa
    • International Journal of Oral Biology
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.53-65
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    • 2006
  • Calcium concentration in the bone resorption lacunae is high and is in the mM concentration range. Both osteoblast and osteoclast have calcium sensing receptor in the cell surface, suggesting the regulatory role of high extracellular calcium in bone metabolism. In vitro, high extracellular calcium stimulated osteoclastogenesis in coculture of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Therefore we examined the genes that were commonly regulated by both high extracellular calcium and $1,25(OH)_2vitaminD_3(VD3)$ by using mouse oligo 11 K gene chip. In the presence of 10 mM $[Ca^{2+}]e$ or 10 nM VD3, mouse calvarial osteoblasts and bone marrow cells were co-cultured for 4 days when tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells start to appear. Of 11,000 genes examined, the genes commonly regulated both by high extracellular calcium and by VD3 were as follows; 1) the expression of genes which were osteoclast differentiation markers or were associated with osteoclastogenesis were up-regulated both by high extracellular calcium and by VD3; trap, mmp9, car2, ctsk, ckb, atp6b2, tm7sf4, rab7, 2) several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes such as sdf1, scya2, scyb5, scya6, scya8, scya9, and ccr1 were up-regulated both by high extracellular calcium and by VD3, 3) the genes such as mmp1b, mmp3 and c3 which possibly stimulate bone resorption by osteoclast, were commonly up-regulated, 4) the gene such as c1q and msr2 which were related with macrophage function, were commonly down-regulated, 5) the genes which possibly stimulate osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were commonly down-regulated; slc8a1, admr, plod2, lox, fosb, 6) the genes which possibly suppress osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were commonly up-regulated; s100a4, npr3, mme, 7) the genes such as calponin 1 and tgfbi which possibly suppress osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were up-regulated by high extracellular calcium but were down-regulated by VD3. These results suggest that in coculture condition, both high extracellular calcium and VD3 commonly induce osteoclastogenesis but suppress osteoblast differentiation/mineralization by regulating the expression of related genes.