• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.181-202
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• 1994

This study was conducted in order to grasp the condition of the student's knowledge and attitude about tuberculosis. And to offer the basic materials for the prevent tuberculosis in elementary school. The objects were comprised 395 of volunteered 6th grade students who study in two elementary schools. The material of this study was the questionaire(chronbach $\alpha=.9016$) suited to the purposed of this research which has been made through studying references. All the questionaire were collected immediately without explanation. The data was collected from 13rd to 25th of May on 1994. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS for percentage, mean, ANOVA and pearson-Correlation Coefficient. The Result are as follows; 1. General features of the objects of study. Sex distribution was similar. Salary of 1000-1500 thousand won were highest (40.2%), nuclear family was highest (87.1%), fathers of graduated high school were the highest(44.0%), mothers of graduated high school were the highest(56.8%). And there was nobody about tuberculosis patient in one's close relatives were highest(95.4%). 2. The conditions of attitude about tuberculosis. Having experience of tuberculin test were highest(59.0%). Less than 9mm indulation among the tuberculin tested group were 85.1%, more than indulation were 14.9%. Have a B. C. G. injection among the less than 9mm indulation were 83.2%. Leave alone among the more than 10mm indulation were 56.0%. Think it too much trouble to do not tuberculine test were 63.0%. Do not take a chest X-ray in the past were 60.3%. And take a chest X-ray in the past were 39.7%. Health educated group was 74.3%. If tuberculosis sign was developed, notified to parent was 73.8%. 3. The condition of knowledge about tuberculosis. When 5 points was given to 'very affiming' and 1 point was given to 'very deny', the total average was 3.54. And symptom of tuberculosis secion was 3.67, vaccination of tuberculosis section was 3.66, tuberculine test section was 3.56, epidemiology of tuberculosis section was 3.54, infection of tuberculosis section was 3.38. And every section showed affirmative correlation(P<.001). 4. Correlation between the general features and attitude variables. High incomed group may have more attitude on tuberculin test than low incomed group($x^2=16.$ 190, P<.01). High educated group may have more attitude on tuberculin test than low educated group(Father : $x^2=28.530$, P<.001, Mother: $x^2=26.060$, P<.001). High educated group may have more attitude on health education than low educated group(Father: $x^2=20.$ 767, P<.000, Mother: $x^2=10.639$, P<.05). Nuclear family may have more attitude on notify to parent than others($x^2=51.45$, P<.000). Tuberculosis patient in one's close associates have more attitude on notify to parent than others($x^2=51.$ 45, P<.000). 5. Difference between the general features and knowledge of tuberculosis. High incomed group were highest score in knowledge (F=3.99, P<.01). High educated group were highest score in knowledge(Father : F=8.81, P<.000, Mother: F=9.09, P<.000). 6. Difference between the attitude and knowledge of tuberculosis. Tuberculin tested group were highest score in knowledge(t=9.88, P<.000). Taken chest X-ray group were highest score in knowledge (t=2.07, P<.05). Received health education group were highest score in knowledge(t=6.83, P<.000). Notified symptoms to teachers and parent group were highest score in knowledge(F=3.89, P<.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.390-399
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• 2014

본 연구는 절엽의 보존엽 가공기술을 개발하기 위해서 화훼장식용으로 많이 사용하는 유칼립투스(Eucalyptus cinerea F. Mull. ex Benth.)의 보존엽 제작을 위한 보존염료 처리시 온도, 증기압차(VPD), 광주기 등 환경조건과 침지처리기간이 엽색에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 균일한 성숙도의 잎을 가진 유칼립투스 절엽(줄기 포함)을 20cm로 절취한 후 온도(10, 20, 30, $40^{\circ}C$), VPD(0.23, 0.70, 1.16, and 1.61kPa), 광주기(0, 6, 12, 24 h)가 다른 생장상에서 보존염료에 3, 6, 9, 12일간 줄기 하단부를 침지하여 흡수시켰고, 이후 $20^{\circ}C$의 실험실에서 3일간 건조시켰다. 그 결과, 보존염료 처리 시 온도가 낮을수록 신선엽과 비교하여 엽색의 차이가 줄어들어 ${\Delta}E$값이 감소하였다. 특히 고온구에서 갈변현상에 의해 적색도(a)의 증가와 황색도(b)의 감소가 나타났다. VPD는 낮을수록 대조구와의 엽색 차이가 적어 ${\Delta}E$값이 감소하였다. 광주기는 짧을수록 엽색의 변화가 적어 ${\Delta}E$값이 감소하였다. 또한 환경조건에 관계없이 흡수기간이 길어질수록 엽색의 변화가 커져 ${\Delta}E$값이 증가하였다. 보존염료 흡수 후 건조 3일째 줄기와 잎의 유연성은 온도, VPD 및 침지기간이 감소할수록 증가하였다. 따라서, 보존염료 흡수 시 $10-20^{\circ}C$의 암 상태에서 0.23-0.70kPa VPD가 최적 환경조건이라 판단되며, 보존염료 처리기간은 보존엽의 품질 및 경제성 면에서 3일이 적당하다고 판단되었다. 이들 환경조건의 공통점은 증산에 의한 수분 손실 속도를 줄인다는 것으로, 이 범위를 많이 벗어나면 급격한 수분 손실에 의해 황변이나 갈변으로 품질이 떨어지게 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1143-1149
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine whether mango saponin (MS) could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks by evaluating growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and plasma biochemical indices. Methods: A total of 216 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments supplemented with 0 (control), 0.14% (MS 0.14%), or 0.28% (MS 0.28%) MS. Each treatment had six replicates (cages) with 12 chicks each. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks. Results: Compared with the control, dietary supplemented with 0.14% or 0.28% MS increased average daily weight gain of chicks in the grower (22 to 42 d) and the whole (1 to 42 d) phases, and the final body weight of chicks on d 42 was higher in MS supplemented groups (p<0.05). Lower $L_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (lightness) and $L_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values, lower $b_{24h}{^{\star}}$ (yellowness) value, and higher $a_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (redness) and $a_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values of the breast muscle were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 42 (p<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity in plasma increased in MS 0.14% group on d 21 (p<0.001). Lower contents of plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 21 and d 42, whereas the group supplemented with 0.14% MS only decreased plasma triglyceride content on d 21 (p<0.05). The glucose content in plasma decreased in MS 0.28% group on d 42 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Overall, MS could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks, and the supplemental level of 0.28% MS in diet could improve growth performance, meat quality, and plasma lipid metabolism in broiler chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.661-671
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• 2006

Steers (n = 335) of known genetic backgrounds from four fundamentally different growth types were subjected to two production systems to study the main effects and possible interactive effects on carcass composition. Growth types were animals with genetic potential for large mature weight (LL), intermediate mature weight-late maturing (IL), intermediate mature weight-early maturing (IE), and small mature weight-early maturing (SE). Each year, in a nine year study, calves of each growth type were weaned and five steers of each growth type were developed on pasture or feedlot and harvested at approximately 20 and 14 mo of age, respectively. Data recorded were chilled carcass weight and percentages of forequarter, foreshank, chuck, rib, plate, brisket, hindquarter, round, rump, shortloin, sirloin, flank, lean, fat, bone, and retail cuts. The growth $type{\times}production$ system interaction was an important source of variation in chilled carcass weight (p = 0.0395) and percentage retail cuts (p = 0.001), lean (p = 0.001), fat (p = 0.001), rump (p = 0.0454), shortloin (p = 0.0487), and flank (p = 0.001). The ranking of the growth $type{\times}production$ system means for percentage lean was LL-pasture>IL-pasture = IE-pasture = SE-pasture>LL-feedlot, IL-feedlot>IE-feedlot = SE-feedlot. The growth $type{\times}production$ system interaction was non-significant (p>0.05) for forequarter, foreshank, chuck, rib, plate, brisket, hindquarter, round and bone. Growth types of IE and SE yielded greater (p<0.05) mean forequarter than did growth types of IL and LL ($51.6{\pm}0.3$ and $51.5{\pm}0.3$ vs. $51.1{\pm}0.3$ and $50.8{\pm}0.3%$). Mean bone was highest (p<0.05) for the LL growth type and lowest (p<0.05) for the SE growth type ($19.5{\pm}0.5$ vs. $16.8{\pm}0.5%$). Mean bone was greater (p<0.05) for the pastured steers than for the feedlot steers ($21.8{\pm}0.8$ vs. $14.5{\pm}0.6%$). These data indicate that growth type responded differently in the two production systems and that these results should be helpful in the match of genetics to production resources.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 1971

The conclusions were obtained from the detailed survey of 1,285 students experiencing menstruation, who were chosen among 1,717 students in middle & high school girls in Seoul. The survey was conducted during July 20-July 24, 1971. 1. Age of Menarche An average age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$1.07. The earliest age of menarche was 9 and the latest age 18. Ages of menarche were between 12 and 14 in 84.3 percent of the students surveyed. a. By present age distribution, the aged students were lower, than younger students in the average age of menarche. b. By father′s educational levels, among the students whose fathers were graduated from high schools, college & ever the earliest average age of menarche was found with 13.2, and among the students whose fathers were graduated from primary schools that wag latest with 13.6. c. By father′s occupations, among the students whose fathom engaged in "workers not classifiable"the earliest age of menarche was found with 12.5$\pm$0.27, among the students whose fathers were in "service business"the second was 12.9$\pm$1.07, and among the students whose fathers were in "miners, quarrymen and related workers"that was latest with 13.8$\pm$1.14. d. By economic status, among the students of "wealthy"families the age of menarche was 13.1$\pm$0.25, the among the students of "ordinary"families the lags of menarche 13.3$\pm$1.06. and the among the students of "poor" families that was 13.8$\pm$0.31. e. By home discipline, among the students being treated "rigid" the age of menarche was 13.5$\pm$1.13, among the students being treated "moderate"the age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.22, and those being treated "indifferent" that was 13.0$\pm$0.26. f. By students physical condition, among the students of "good" condition the average of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.16, and among the students "poor" that was 13.5$\pm$0.31. 2. Menstruation a. For the six months after the average of menarche 39.0 percent of the students had normal menstruations, and 61.3 percent of them had abnormal ones. Of the students with abnormal menstruation 21.7 percent had abnormal menstruation from time to time, 25.4 percent had no menstruation for one month to three months, 7.2 percent had menstruation for four to six months and 6.7 per cent had no menstruation for more than sin months. Most students became to have normal menstruations a few months later the age of menarche. b. At the time interviewed, the percentile of cycle of menstruation as following: 23 days types: 46.8 percent 30 days types: 40.6 percent others : 12.6 percent The average cycle of menstruation was every 28.9 days. c. The average duration of menstruation is 4.69 days. d. The subjective symptoms during menstruation period: Out of the total 89.7 per cent had some pains, while 10.3 percent had no symptom. Among the symptoms, abdominal pain occupied 29.9 percent, neurotic symptoms 19.0 percent and lumbago 15.1 percent. e. By attitude or Action at first physical change, "Treated it by own experience" : 30.0 percent "Don′t know what to do because of ignorance" : 20.1 percent "Asked others about it" : 43.0 percent

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to find out influential variables related to Home Management Ability of urban home makers. This study focuses on the following aspects; 1) to find out which variables of sociodemographic variables (ie. home maker's age, level of education-husband, wife, job-husband, wife, income, duration of marriage), of psychological variables (ie. degree of resourcefulness recognition, degree of stress recognition, degree of life level recognition) have significant effects on home management ability. 2) to find out which variables of sociodemographic variables have significant effects on degree of resourcefulness recognition, of stress recognition, and of life level recognition. 3) to identify the influence of significant variables related to home management ability. Data was analyzed by frequency. percentage, mean , F-test, t-test, Duncan's multiple range test. regression analysis , path analysis pearson's r. x2-test. Major findings are as follows; 1) The level of education (husband , wife)and occupation of husband were variables to have influences on home management ability. 2) a. The level of education (husband, wife) and income were variable to have influences on degree of resourcefulness recognition. b. The employment of home makers. income, and the form of family were variables to have influences on degree of stress recognition. c. The level of education (husband, wife) occupation of husband , income , and duration of marriage were variables to have influences on degree of life level recognition. 3) There were significant relationships between home management ability and degree of resourcefulness recognition and of stress recognition (r=0.13, r=-0.12, p<.05). a. The higher degree of resourcefulness recognition, the higher home management ability (x2=11.17. df=4. p<.05) b. The higher degree of stress recognition, the lower home n=management ability (x2=14.64. df=4. p<.01) 4) The education level of homemakers (β =0.15) and income (β=0.12) were variables to have indirect influences on home management ability through the medium of the degree of resourcefulness recognition (β =0.13) 5) The employment of home makers (β=-0.17) was a variable to have indirect influence on home management ability through the medium of the degree of stress recognition(β=-0.12) 6) the education level of husband (β=0.16) and income (β=0.32) were variables to have direct influence on degree of life level recognition. 7) The degree of life level recognition (β=0.13) and education level of home makers (β=0.17) were variables to have indirect influences on home management ability through the medium of the degree of resourcefulness recognition (β=0.13) 8)The degree of life level recognition (β=-0.22) the employment of home makers(β=-0.17) and the from of family(β=-0.10) were variables to have indirect influences on home management ability through the medium of the degree of stress recognition.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2013

Purpose: Although chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis is prevalent in children, little is known about its causes. Here, we investigated the humoral immunity in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Methods: We examined 16 children attending the outpatient clinic at the CHA Bundang Medical Center including 11 boys and 5 girls, aged 3-11 years (mean age, 5.6 years), who had rhinosinusitis for >3 months or >3 times per year. The complete blood count with differential and total serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses ($IgG_1$, $IgG_2$, $IgG_3$, and $IgG_4$) of all children were measured. All subjects received 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), and the levels of antibodies to 5 serologic types (4, 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens were measured before and after vaccination. Post-PPV antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ or with a ${\geq}4$-fold increase were considered as positive responses. Results: The titers of IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgM were within normal range in all 16 children, whereas the total IgE concentration was higher than normal in 2 children. $IgG_1$ deficiency was observed in 1 patient and $IgG_3$ deficiency in 3. After PPV, 1 patient failed to respond to all 5 serologic types, 2 failed to respond to 4 serologic types, and 2 failed to respond to 3 serologic types. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the evaluation of humoral immune functions in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who do not respond to prolonged antibiotic treatment.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.778-790
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• 2013

본 연구는 노인요양시설 노인에게 직접 돌봄을 제공하는 요양보호사가 시설노인의 낙상을 예방하고 낙상으로 인한 상해를 최소화하기 위해 노인요양시설의 요양보호사를 위한 낙상예방프로그램을 개발하였으며 낙상예방교육프로그램이 요양보호사의 낙상관련 지식, 낙상관련 부담감 및 낙상예방 돌봄행위에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 낙상예방교육프로그램은 4주 프로그램으로 주 1회 80분씩 총 4회 실시하였다. 프로그램 효과를 검증하기 위해 2012년 7월 16일부터 8월 31일까지 C지역의 A장기요양시설 요양보호사 실험군 24명, B장기요양시설 요양보호사 대조군 23명, 총 47명을 대상으로 프로그램 적용 전 후 사전 사후 조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/Win 19.0 프로그램을 이용하여 실수와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, ${\chi}^2$-test와 Fisher's exact probability test, independent t-test, ANCOVA로 분석하였다. 연구결과, 낙상예방교육프로그램을 받은 노인요양시설의 요양보호사는 교육을 받지 않은 요양보호사에 비해 낙상 예방교육프로그램 적용 후 낙상관련 부담감이 감소하였으며, 낙상관련 지식과 낙상예방 돌봄행위가 증가하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 낙상예방교육프로그램은 노인요양시설 요양보호사의 낙상관련 지식과 낙상예방 돌봄행위를 증진하고 낙상관련 부담감을 완화하는 적절한 프로그램으로 노인노인요양시설 노인의 낙상예방을 위한 요양보호사의 교육자료로서 활용 가치가 있다 하겠다.