• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2023

Several members of the genus Broussonetia are woody plants with high-quality cellulose fibers and are used to make a traditional type of Korean paper known as Hanji. Three of these species, Broussonetia kazinoki, Broussonetia monoica, and Broussonetia papyrifera, are found in the Korean Peninsula. Because it is challenging to distinguish different Broussonetia species based on morphology alone, we have developed a set of insertion/deletion (InDel) markers for genetic identification of these species. From twenty-two Broussonetia samples collected throughout Korea, we selected six for next-generation sequencing analysis. InDel marker candidates were identified by comparing this sequence information with the B. kazinoki chloroplast genome sequence. The marker candidates were used to screen the genomes of the twenty-two Broussonetia plants, and five useful chloroplast-based InDel markers were identified. Detailed genotyping using these five markers showed that the twenty-two plants of the genus Broussonetia could be clustered into five groups, verifying that the markers developed here can be used for breeding, identification, and analysis of species in the genus Broussonetia.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2019

뽕나무과(Moraceae) 닥나무속(Broussonetia)의 품종에 대한 국내 연구동향으로는 잎의 성상이나 암꽃의 포길이, 엽신의 폭과 같은 수목학 분수학적 관점으로 특징을 파악하기 때문에 구분이 어려운 실정이다. 또한 닥나무(Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold)와 꾸지나무[Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) $L^{\prime}H{\acute{e}}r.$ ex Vent.]의 수목학적 특징이 유사하여 오동정의 사례가 발생하기도 한다. 닥나무의 향명은 다양하게 불리지만 그 분류기준은 명확하지 않다. 본 연구에서는 총 4개 마커(ITS, matK, trnL-F, ndhF)의 염기서열 분석과 분자계통학적 분류를 통해 닥나무와 꾸지나무의 교잡종으로 확인된 전라도지역 닥나무 8개체에 대하여 펄프제지 자원으로써의 특성을 확인하였다. 8개체 인피섬유의 형태학적 특징인 섬유장, 섬유폭, 섬유 내강(Lumen)폭을 통해 Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio, Flexibility coefficient, Rigidity coefficient를 도출하고 종이의 기계적 강도, 내절도와의 상관관계, 섬유와 섬유간의 결합력 등을 예측하였다. 상기와 같은 연구결과는 유전형질이 동일한 전라도지역 닥나무의 형태학적 특성을 통해 펄프제지 공정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자들을 분석 하였다. 이러한 특성에 따라 다양한 품질의 종이를 제조 할 수 있는 기초 자료로 제공될 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.68-68
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• 2019

닥나무(Paper mulberry)는 뽕나무과(Moraceae) 닥나무속(Broussonetia)에 속하는 낙엽 활엽 관목으로 중국, 일본, 한국 등에 자생하며 Hutchinson(1967)에 의하면 닥나무 속은 열대, 아열대, 난대지방에서 자라는 낙엽성 관목으로 세계적으로 약 6종이 있다고 보고되었다. 일반적으로 닥나무의 품종을 구분하는 것은 수목학적 관점으로 잎의 성상, 줄기의 색과 무늬 유무로 구분한다. 그러나 상기의 수목학적 특징은 닥나무(Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold)와 꾸지나무[Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent.]가 유사하여 오동정의 사례가 발생하기도 한다. 경상도지역에서는 닥나무를 참닥나무, 머구닥나무, 개닥나무 3가지의 향명으로 구분하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 경상도지역 9개체 닥나무를 대상으로 수목학적 특징을 확인하였다. 나아가 식물종의 기준을 명확히 규명하기 위하여 엽록체 속의 matK, trnL-F, ndhF, 3개 마커와 핵에 존재하는 ITS, 총 4개 마커의 염기서열을 생산하였고 상기 구간에서 얻어진 염기서열 비교분석 및 계통학적 분류를 통해 유연관계를 파악하였다. 수목학적 관점으로는 품종을 명확하게 구분하기가 어려웠으며 분자계통학적 연구로 모든 시료는 닥나무와 꾸지나무의 교잡종으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 우리나라 전통한지의 원재료로 사용되는 닥나무류 식물자원의 분류체계의 확립을 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 것이다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.243-253
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• 2022

Using non-destructive analytical methods, we identified the material characteristics of two gold fabric artifacts excavated from the Cheongsong Sim clan (Bugeum Wonsam, Jikgeum Chima), including the artifact condition, fiber type, surface contamination, and metallic threads. We found that the artifacts were buried and had turned brown; thus, we were unable to determine their original color. The fiber type was determined to be silk from cocoons, based on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses of Amide I, II, III, and IV peaks, and color reactions Further, the FT-IR and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses identified the white and black stains as natural resin hydrolyzed substances, such as lipids and proteins, that occurred as microbial decomposition due to body decay. Finally, the XRF analyses identified the thin gold layer of the metallic yarn as gold (Au). According to the FT-IR data and the color reaction to the metallic yarn medium, the adhesive component of the medium was a product of-Amides I, II, III, and 3000 cm^-1 within Amides A and B (an animal type), respectively. Thus, the medium was identified as Hanji (Korean paper), which is made from domestically produced Broussonetia kazinoki fibers.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.28-34
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• 2001

Korea traditional handmade paper, Hanji, has been known for more than thousand years for its high strength, high whiteness, high gloss, good ink reception and long lasting quality. Main component fiber of the Hanji is called 'Dak', which is the bast fiber of the Korea paper mulberry ($\textit{Broussonetia kazinoki}$). Dak has long fiber length, and high cellulose DP, if processed properly. The quality of Hanji is partly from the superior quality of Dak over wood fiber, and partly from the traditional papermaking process. The traditional papermaking process includes pulping, bleaching, refining, use of natural polymer, and sheet making process. Every traditional process has its special role. Comparisons between the modern papermaking technology and the traditional process were made in this study. The traditional process effectively protected cellulose DP in pulping and bleaching process, protected fiber length in refining process, and developed the high strength in the sheet forming process over the modern papermaking process.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1990

Nematodes and insects associated with dead trees were surveyed on the 238 dead trees belonging to 19 tree species in Pusan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Chunnam, and Chonbuk provinces from April to September of 1989. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found only in Pusan but B. mucronatus was collected at Chinju and Chinhae. The 13 nematode species in 9 genera were identified. Out of them, Diplogasteroides dimidius, Rhabdontolaimus adephagus, R. janae, Mikoletzkya diluta, M. ruminis, M. langcaudaa, Parasitorhabditis hylurgi, Panagrolaimus concolor, Panagrodontus dentatus, Prothalonema intermedium, and marcrolaimus canadensis were recorded for the first time in Korea. Insects collected from dead trees were 5 orders, 9 families, 25 genera, and 27 species. of them, the Coleoptera were the most collected insects by the 3 families, 19 genera and 22 species. The Scolytidae were 12 species in 10 genera. Hypothenemus eruditus was firstly collected from Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza maximowizi, Forsythia ovata, Meliosma oldhami, Securinega suffruticosa, Broussonetia kazinoki, and Cornus walteri. The maximum number of pine wood nematode was separated from the abdomen of Monchamus alternatus, the pine woodnematode vector. The maximum number of nematodes per an adult of M. alternatus was 127,535, minimum 2,616, and average 42,817.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.267-283
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• 2011

Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in region of Naejangsan National Park were found Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.H.Tae & S.T.Ko, Iris koreana Nakai, Cymbidium macrorrhizum Lindl and Vexillabium yakushimensis (Yamam.) F.Maek.(4 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 159 taxa; that is, class I species (91 taxa) were containing as Chloranthus fortunei (A.Gray) Solms, Vicia anguste-pinnata Nakai and Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz, etc, class II species (17 taxa) were Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi, Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenkins et Jermy and Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, etc, class III species (32 taxa) were containing; Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai, Parasenecio pseudotaimingasa (Nakai) B.U.Oh and Saussurea eriophylla Nakai, etc, class IV species (9 taxa) were Deutzia paniculata Nakai, Carex ligulata Nees and Thuja orientalis L., etc, and class V species (10 taxon) were Orobanche filicicola Nakai, Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.H.Tae & S.T.Ko and Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana (Nakai) T.Koyama, etc. Endemic species of korea were identified 40 taxa such as Broussonetia kazinoki var. humilis Uyeki, Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi and Silene seoulensis Nakai, etc. Plant species designated as Natural Monument were 2 species that Daphniphyllum macropodum forest(No. 91) and Torreya nucifera forest(No. 153) receive protection. The naturalized plants were identified 30 taxa; Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach and Rumex crispus L., etc. Among them the ecosystem disturbance wild plants was not discovered.