• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2008

Immunizations are among the most cost-effective and widely used public health interventions. This is a report a revision of recommendation of immunization for children by Korean Pediatric Society. Immunization. Vaccines were divided into 4 groups. 1) Vaccines that are recommended to all infants and children (BCG, hepatitis B vaccine, DTaP, Td, Polio vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, MMR, varicella vaccine, influenza vaccine [6-23 months of age], H. influenzae type b vaccine), 2) those that can be administered to all infants and children, but decision of administration is made by parents (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, influenza vaccine [healthy children ${\geq}24$ months of age], rotavirus vaccine, human papilloma virus vaccine), 3) those that should be given to high risk group (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [high risk patients ${\geq}24$ months of age], influenza vaccine [high risk patients ${\geq}24$ months of age], typhoid vaccine), and 4) those administered for control of outbreaks or prevention of emerging infectious diseases. Immunization schedule recommended by Korean Pediatric Society in 2008 is presented.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

수은은 산업화될수록 방출량이 많아지고 자연생태계의 먹이사슬에 의한 생물학적 축적에 의하여 결국 인간에게 강한 독성을 나타내게 된다. 최근 중금속 무독화관련 유전자를 도입한 유전자변형식물체를 이용하여 중금속의 독성을 제거하거나 저감하려는 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 유전자변형생물체는 자연생태계에 미치는 환경위해성을 평가하여 안전성을 검증한 후 환경에 방출해야만 한다. 환경정화용 유전자변형생물체의 환경위해성 평가기술개발연구에 이용하기 위한 형질전환 식물체 생산을 위하여 까마중에 유기수은 (organic mercury)을 무기수은 (ionic mercury)으로 전환시켜서 독성을 저감시키는 organomercurial lyase (merB) 유전자를 도입하여 형질전환 시켰다. 유전자 도입 및 발현이 확인된 2개의 형질전환 라인 (merB1, merB4)은 유기수은제제인 MMC $0.5{\mu}M$, PMA $1{\mu}M$에서 저항성을 나타내었다. 또한 형질전환 1세대 종자도 $2{\mu}M$ MMC와 PMA에 저항성을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 이들 형질전환체를 이용하여 환경 정화용 유전자변형생물체의 환경위해성 평가방법 개발 연구를 수행 할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3493-3498
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• 2015

Objective: To assess associations between codon 72 polymorphisms (Pro or B and Arg or b alleles) of the TP53 gene and lung cancer risk among Bangladeshis. Materials and Methods: The distribution of the BB, Bb, and bb genotypes and the frequencies of the B and b alleles were determined by PCR-RFLP method using DNA extracted from leucocytes of 50 confirmed lung cancer patients and 50 age-matched controls and the data were analysed. Results: The ratio of BB, Bb, and bb genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for the male patients (${\chi}2=4.6$). The B allele is overrepresented among all patients (OR=2.0, p=0.02) and the female patients (OR=4.1, $p{\leq}0.01$) compared to the controls. The BB/bb ratio was also higher among the patients (OR=3.0, p=0.03). The relative risk of cancer for having BB over bb genotype was 1.8 (p=0.04) but no effect was observed for the Bb genotype. The B allele was overrepresented among patients with adenocarcinomas (OR=2.4, $p{\leq}0.01$) and squamous cell carcinomas (OR=2.7, $p{\leq}0.01$) over the controls but the difference was not significant for those with small cell lung carcinomas (OR=1.1, p=0.66). The B allele was overrepresented among patients age 50 or younger (OR=2.7, $p{\leq}0.01$), but not for older patients (OR=1.7, p=0.07), and among smokers compared to the controls (OR=1.8-10.0, $p{\leq}0.01-0.03$). However, no correlation between increasing pack-years and lung cancer was observed. Conclusions: The Pro/Pro (BB) genotype and the B allele are risk factors for lung cancer among Bangladeshis, particularly for people under age 50, women and smokers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9871-9873
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• 2014

Brain tumors are a mixed group of neoplasms that originate from the intracranial tissues and the meninges with degrees of malignancy varying greatly from benign to aggressive. Not much is known about the epidemiology of primary malignant brain tumors (PMBTs) in our population in North-East India. In this analysis, an attempt was made to identify the age groups, gender distribution, topography and different histological types of PMBT with data from a hospital cancer registry. A total of 231 cases of PMBT were identified and included for the present analysis. Our analysis has shown that most of PMBT occur at 20-60 years of age, with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. Some 70.5% of cases occurred in cerebral lobes except for the occipital lobe, and astrocytic tumors were the most common broad histological type. In our population the prevalence of PMBT is 1% of all cancers, mostly affecting young and middle aged patients. As brain tumors are rare, so case-control analytic epidemiological studies will be required to establish the risk factors prevalent in our population.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2020

Purpose: Duodenal stump leakage (DSL) is a potentially fatal complication that can occur after gastrectomy, but its underlying risk factors are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and management of DSL after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer (GC). Materials and Methods: Relevant data were collected from several prospective databases to retrospectively analyze the data of GC patients who underwent Billroth II (B-II) or Rouxen-Y (R-Y) reconstruction after laparoscopic gastrectomy from 2 institutions (Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences). The DSL risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis regression. Results: A total of 810 patients were eligible for our analysis (426 with R-Y, 384 with B-II with Braun). Eleven patients had DSL (1.36%). Body mass index (BMI), elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and unreinforced duodenal stump were the independent risk factors for DSL. DSL was diagnosed in 2-12 days, with a median of 8 days. Seven patients received conservative treatment, 3 patients received puncture treatment, and only 1 patient required reoperation. All patients recovered successfully after treatment. Conclusions: The risk factors of DSL were BMI ≥24 kg/㎡, elevated preoperative CRP level, and unreinforced duodenal stump. Nonsurgical treatments for DSL are preferred.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.529-534
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 도시철도 역사 내 철도안전사상사고의 위험도관리방안을 도출하였다. 위험도 관리는 사고확률을 낮추는 예방대안과 피해가능규모를 줄이는 대안을 활용하여 위험도를 일정 수준까지 낮추는 방법을 제시하였다. 우선. 각 대안별로 편익과 비용을 계산하여 경제성 분석을 수행하였다. 편익비용비가 1을 초과하는 대안에 국한하여 편익비용비가 높은 순서대로 우선순위를 결정하였다. 대안별 우선순위대로 철도안전사상사고 위험도가 일정수준(ALARP수준)까지 낮추어질 때까지 하나씩 적용하는 방안을 제시하였다. 위험도의 ALARP수준을 결정하기 위하여 역사 내 철도안전 서비스수준(LOS)을 정립하였다. ALARP수준은 철도안전 서비스수준(LOS) "C"로 결정하였다. 최종적으로는 서울시 서울메트로와 서울도시철도공사가 운영하고 있는 역사 중 위험도가 가장 높은 역사에 대하여 사례연구를 수행하였다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2019

Purpose: We perform an analysis of infection risk factors for fracture patients and confirm that the risk factors reported in previous studies increase the risk of actual infection among fractured patients. In addition, injury severity score (ISS) which is used as an evaluation tool for morbidity of trauma patients, confirms whether there is a relationship with infection after orthopedic fracture surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,818 patients who underwent fixation surgery at orthopedic trauma team, focused trauma center from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. Thirty-five patients were infected after fracture surgery. We analyzed age, sex, open fracture criteria based on Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b, anatomical location (upper extremity or lower extremity) of fracture, diabetes, smoking, ISS. Results: Of 1,818 patients, 35 (1.9%) were diagnosed with postoperative infection. Of the 35 infected patients, nine (25.7%) were female and five (14.0%) were upper extremity fractures. Three (8.6%) were diagnosed with diabetes and eight (22.8%) were smokers. Thirteen (37.1%) had ISS less than nine points and six (17.1%) had ISS 15 points or more. Of 1,818 patients, 80 had open fractures. Surgical site infection were diagnosed in 12 (15.0%) of 80. And nine of 12 were checked with Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b or more. Linear logistic regression analysis was performed using statistical analysis program Stata 15 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). In addition, independent variables were logistic regression analyzed individually after Propensity scores matching. In all statistical analyzes, only open fracture was identified as a risk factor. Conclusions: The risk factors for infection in fracture patients were found to be significantly influenced by open fracture rather than the underlying disease or anatomical feature of the patient. In the case of ISS, it is considered that there is a limitation. It is necessary to develop a new scoring system that can appropriately approach the morbidity of fracture trauma patients.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

This paper presents a series of path models that were developed to test whether financial risk tolerance mediates the association between the following four variables and investing behavior: (a) male and married, (b) female and married, (c) male and single, or (d) female and single. Data for this study were obtained from a proprietary consumer survey of risk-tolerance attitudes. Four path models were developed to test relationships among the variables in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. These years were chosen to represent the depth and recovery periods in the Great Recession. The total number of respondents was 29,641. Findings showed that financial risk tolerance was positively associated with risky investing behavior (i.e., equity ownership) in each of the four periods. The associations among the gender-marital status variables and investing behavior were mixed; however, findings did indicate that risk tolerance mediates these relationships by sometimes amplifying and occasionally attenuating risky behavior. Based on the findings, implications and limitation are presented.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aims to establish a theoretical framework for the fall prevention behavior improvement program by verifying the associations between fracture risk, fall risk perception, and fall prevention behaviors in women with osteoporosis. Methods: A survey was conducted in 122 women who were diagnosed as osteoporosis by having T-score of the femur bone density below -2.5 standard deviation from the bone density examination performed in 2 orthopedic clinics located in B metropolitan city between July 2014 and September 2014. The risk of fracture, level of fall risk perception, and fall prevention behaviors were measured. Results: Fall risk perception had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between the fracture risk and fall prevention behaviors in women with osteoporosis. Conclusion: The perception of fall risk is important to enhance fall prevention behaviors in women with osteoporosis, and the development of various education programs to improve awareness of fall risk is needed.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2016

The set of priors in the representation of coherent risk measure is expressed in terms of quantile function and increasing concave function. We show that the set of prior, $\mathcal{Q}_c$ in (1.2) is equal to the set of $\mathcal{Q}_m$ in (1.6), as maximal representing set $\mathcal{Q}_{max}$ defined in (1.7).