Porphyromonas gingivalis에 대한 노각나무 잎 추출물의 항균활성 및 생물막 형성 억제 효과 (Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Leaf Extracts of Stewartia koreana against Porphyromonas gingivalis)
-
- 생명과학회지
- /
- 제31권3호
- /
- pp.330-337
- /
- 2021
본 연구에서는 천연물유래 구강건강 개선소재로써 노각나무의 이용 가능성을 알아보기 위해 노각나무 잎과 줄기를 에탄올에 추출한 다음 구강미생물에 대한 추출물의 항균활성을 조사하였다. 노각나무 잎과 줄기 추출물(1 mg/disc)은 구강미생물 중 P. gingivalis KCTC5352에 대해서만 항균활성을 나타내었으며 줄기보다는 잎 추출물의 항균활성이 우수하였다. 시판되고 있는 구강케어제품에 사용되고 있는 항균제와 노각나무 잎 추출물의 항균활성을 비교한 결과, P. gingivalis에 대한 노각나무 잎 추출물과 양성대조구로 사용한 triclosan의 항균활성은 유사하게 나타났으며. P. gingivalis에 대한 노각나무 잎 추출물의 MIC는 0.4 mg/ml이고 정균작용을 하였다. 노각나무 잎추출물이 0.2-2.0 mg/ml 농도로 처리된 배양액에서 P. gingivalis KCTC5352의 생물막 형성과 세균 생육은 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 농도의존적으로 억제되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 노각나무 잎 추출물(1 mg/ml) 처리가 P. gingivalis의 생물막 형성에 미치는 영향을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과에 의하면 추출물을 처리하지 않은 대조구는 추출물 처리구에 비해 P. gingivalis가 군집을 이루며 모여 있었고 세포 주변에서 생물막이 관찰되었지만 추출물을 처리한 처리구의 세포 주변에서는 생물막을 관찰할 수 없었다. qRT-PCR을 이용하여 생물막 형성 초기 과정에서 치면 부착에 필수적인 섬모(fimbriae)관련 mRNA 발현 양상을 0조사한 결과, 노각나무 잎 추출물이 0.2-2.0 mg/ml의 농도로 처리된 배양액에서 fimA와 mfa1 유전자 발현은 추출물의 농도가 높아질수록 농도의존적으로 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 노각나무 잎 추출물은 치주질환 원인균인 P. gingivalis에 대한 항균 활성과 생물막 형성 억제능이 우수하기 때문에 천연물유래 구강건강 개선소재로써 이용 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.
경제개발계획이 실시된 이래로 지난 30여년 동안 질적 양적인 면에서 우리나라는 눈부신 경제성장을 거듭하여 왔다. 부존자원이 부족하여 국가 경제 개발의 방향을 원료의 수입으로 완제품을 수출하는 수출확대정책에 두게됨에 따라 이러한 경제성장은 수출입 물동량의 급속한 증가를 초래하게 되었다. 분단으로 인해 육상수송로가 막혀있는 상태에서 대부분의 수출입 화물은 당연히 해상수송에 의지할 수 밖에 없었고, 이에 항만은 이들 물동량을 처리하는 중요한 장소가 되어 왔다. 이러한 관점에서 정부 및 관련기관에서는 항만시설의 확충을 위해 지속적인 투자를 하여왔으나, 결과론적인 면에서 볼 때 항만의 계획 및 개발은 성공적이었다고 할 수 없을 것이다. 왜냐하면 항만수용능력(Port capacity)은 계속 공급부족상태에서 수요에 겨우겨우 부응해가는 수준이었기 때문이다. 이에 대한 이유로는 여러가지가 있을 수 있겠으나 가장 중요한 것으로는 국가 경제발전에 있어서 항만의 중요성에 대한 인식의 부족으로 투자 우선순위 면에서 항만투자의 시기가 적절치 못했다는 점이다 다시 말하면, 국가의 기간산업으로서 항만의 중요성을 막연히 여겼을 뿐 계량적으로 그 중요성이 어떻게 나타나는 가에 대한 분석이 지금껏 행해진 적이 없다는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 항만산업이 거시적 관점에서 국가경제에 어떠한 영향을 미치며 각산업과 어느 정도의 연관관계를 가지고 있는 가를 알아보기 위해 '투입산출모형'을 만들어 분석하였다. 또한 항만에 대한 투자가 국가경제 전반에 걸쳐 얼마만큼의 파급효과를 가져오는 가에 대해서도 분석을 행하였다. 그리고 이러한 항만에 대한 투입산출모형이 장래의 항만계획 및 개발을 위해서 정책수립적인 차원에서 어떠한 의미가 있고 또한 어떻게 이용될수 있는 지에 대한 분석도 행하였다.군단(Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990) A. 신갈나무 전형하위군락(Typical community) B. 굴참나무-신갈나무군락(Quercus variabilis-Quercus mongolica Community) 졸참나무-작살나무아군단 (Callicarpo-Quercenion serratae Kim 1990) C. 소나무-산거울군락 (Carex humilis v. nana - Pinus densiflora Community) D. 가래나무-가는잎쐐기풀군락 (Juglans mandshurica - Urtica angustifolia Community)6.70MJ(乳熟期) 및 6.94MJ/kg(完熟期)까지 증가(增加)되는데 비해 sorghum에서는 증가폭(增加幅)이 완만하여 계속(繼續) 낮은 수준(水準)을 유지(維持)한다. 4. 옥수수 및 sorghum식물(植物)의 NEL가치(價値)는 fruetosan, mono- 및 disaccharose등 non-structural carbo-hydrate의 합성(合成) 및 축적형태(蓄積形態)에 의(依)해 큰 영향(影響)을 받으면 NEL함량(含量)과 cell-wall constituents간(間)에는 부(負)(-)의 상관(相關)이 있다.(
본 실험은 체외 생산된 소 완전탈출 배반포기배의 생존능이 초자화동결 융해 후에도 유지될 수 있는지를 조사하고자 실시하였다. 완전탈출 배반포기배는 체외 수정 후 체외배양 9일과 10일에 얻었으며, 직경을 기준으로 small(S-HBs: ø
본 연구는 국내 Holstein 젖소의 유생산 및 선형심사 형질의 유전적 특성을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 자료는 2009년 1월부터 2013년 4월까지 분만한 1산차인 Holstein 젖소 10,218두의 능력검정 자료와 유방 및 지제의 선형심사 자료를 이용하였고, 능력검정 자료 및 선형심사 자료는 각각 농협중앙회 젖소개량사업소 및 사)한국종축개량협회에서 수집한 자료이며, 사)한국종축개량협회의 33,436두에 대한 혈통정보를 분석에 활용하였다. 각 형질의 유전모수 추정은 Animal Model에 근거하여 개발 된 WOMBAT package를 이용하였으며, 추정된 유전분산 및 잔차분산을 이용하여 유전력을 계산하였다. 유량(MY), 유지방량(FY), 유단백량(PY), 유지방율(FP), 유단백율(PP) 및 체세포지수(SCS)의 유전력은 각각 0.128, 0.144, 0.100, 0.273, 0.333 및 0.090이었으며, 유방깊이(UD), 유방질(UT), 정중제인대(MS), 앞유방 붙음성(FUA), 앞유두 위치(FTP), 뒷유방 높이(RAH), 뒷유방 너비(RAW), 뒷유두 위치(RTP), 유두길이(FTL), 발굽기울기(FA), 뒤꿈치 깊이(HD), 뼈질(BQ), 옆에서 본 뒷다리(RLSV), 뒤에서 본 뒷다리(RLRV) 및 보행성(LC)에 대해 각각 0.179, 0.066, 0.104, 0.109, 0.127, 0.099, 0.059, 0.069, 0.154, 0.014, 0.010, 0.052, 0.065, 0.175 및 0.031로 추정되었다. MY와 UD, UT, FTP, RAW, FTL, FA 및 RLSV의 유전상관은 각각 0.334, 0.271, 0.445, 0.544, 0.076, -0.281 및 -0.228 이었고, PP와 MS, FTP, RTP, FTL, FA, BQ, RLSV, RLRV 및 LC의 유전상관은 각각 -0.147, -0.182, -0.262, -0.136, 0.355, 0.311, 0.135, 0.233 및 0.143으로 나타났다. 특히, MY는 RAW와 가장 높은 정의상관(0.544)을 나타낸 반면, SCS는 LC와 가장 높은 부의상관(-0.603)을 나타냈다. FP는 대부분의 유방 선형심사형질과 부의상관 관계를 나타낸 반면, FP는 지제 선형심사형질과 정의상관(0.056~0.355) 관계를 나타냈다.
도라지는 초롱꽃과(Campanulaceae)에 속하는 여러해살이풀로 뛰어난 많은 약리 효능을 가지고 있어 예로부터 약재로 활용하였다. 또한 anthocyanin은 식물의 꽃이나 과실 등에 포함되는 보라색 또는 파란색을 띄는 천연색소로 강력한 항산화제로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는, 도라지꽃 추출물의 피부과학적 기능성과 꽃에 포함된 청자색 계열의 anthocyanin이 천연 색소로서 화장품 소재로의 활용 가치를 확인하고자 하였다. 우선, 도라지꽃에 50% 에탄올과 80% 에탄올을 가하여 25, 60과 80 ℃,에서 4 h 환류추출하였고 각 처리군의 pH는 유사하였다. Anthocyanin 함량과 색도(E*ab)를 바탕으로 도라지의 천연색과 가장 유사한 발색을 나타내는 50% 에탄올 60 ℃ 추출조건을 선정하였고, 농축, 동결건조하여 시료를 제조하였다. 도라지꽃 추출물의 기능성 성분인 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드와 총 anthocyanin 함량은 23 ㎍/mL, 16 ㎍/mL과 0.17 ㎍/mL였다. 도라지꽃 추출물은 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 자극한 RAW 264.7 세포의 NO, IL-6 등의 염증 매개물질의 생성을 억제하는 항염증 효능 뿐만 아니라 TNF-a에 의한 각질형성 세포의 손상 조건에서 상처 치유에 의한 피부 재생 효능을 보였다. 이렇듯 항염증과 재생에 효능을 보이는 천연색소인 도라지꽃 추출물의 주를 이루고 있는 색소는 anthocyanin계이다. 일반적으로 anthocyanin계 색소는 pH, 온도 등에 불안정하다고 알려져 색소안정화제 3 종 (EDTA, maltodextrin, citric acid)을 첨가하였을 때 anthocyanin 함량과 색도를 조사하였다. 5% maltodextrin 첨가된 도라지꽃 추출물에서 50 일까지 색도 값의 안정성을 확인하였고 이를 바탕으로 천연색소인 도라지꽃 추출물의 화장품 원료로서의 응용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's
연구배경: 결핵균의 제거에는 세포성 면역이 필요하며, Prostaglandin(PG) 특히 PG
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.