• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.223-261
• /
• 2016

This study examines the experiences of 17 ex-offenders' wives who received housing support by the Korea Rehabilitation Agency using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory. In open coding, 143 concepts, 43 subcategories, and 16 categories emerged from the data. In axial coding, the causal condition were 'ambivalence of wives who encounter the husbands' release from prison', 'anxiety about the husbands' release from prison and recidivism', and 'trials and tribulations of everyday life after husbands' release from prison'. Central phenomenon was 'precarious livelihood by concealment of imprisonment'. Strategies were 'compromise with reality' and 'support husbands to reentry to the society'. Consequence was 'thanks to life via adversity' and 'the road less traveled.' In process analysis, main theme was 'process towards family resiliency after get over the stigma and family conflicts', and five phases were derived from the data and in selective coding. Based upon the research outcomes, psychological experiences of ex-offenders' wives and the needs for ex-offenders' families resiliency was discussed.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
• /
• v.77
• /
• pp.171-201
• /
• 2024

Purpose of Research : Since ChatGPT's 2022 release, the educational sector faces mixed reactions to generative AI, sparking innovation but raising concerns about student cognition and communication. While Christian colleges employ AI reflecting their values, secular institutions stress ethical usage. This study explores ethical AI use in these settings, aiming to integrate findings into educational practices. Research content and method : Analyzing AI use and ethics guidelines from 50 domestic and international universities, differences between Christian and secular institutions were explored. Data was categorized, conceptualized via open coding, and components were identified through axial coding. The importance of components for Christian colleges' AI guides was assessed based on the initial data and previous research, leading to the development of tailored AI utilization components for Christian universities. Conclusion : Studies revealed secular institutions have six AI guide components, while Christian colleges found seven in both utilization and ethics guides, focusing on truthfulness, responsibility, and diversity. Emphasizing the need for ethical AI use in Christian colleges, the findings advocate developing AI ethics guidelines to aid marginalized groups and establish a new educational paradigm through further research.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.10
• /
• pp.1210-1219
• /
• 2001

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety, pullout strength and radiographic characteristics of unicortical and bicortical screws of cervical facet within cadaveric specimens and evaluate the influence of level of training on the positioning of these screws. Methods : Twenty-one cadavers, mean 78.9 years of age, underwent bilateral placement of 3.5mm AO lateral mass screw from C3-C6(n=168) using a slight variation of the Magerl technique. Intraoperative imaging was not used. The right side(unicortical) utilized only 14mm screws(effective length of 11mm) while on the left side to determine the length of the screw after the ventral cortex had been drilled. Three spine surgeons(attending, fellow, chief resident) with varying levels of spine training performed the procedure on seven cadavers each. All spines were harvested and lateral radiographs were taken. Individual cervical vertebrae were carefully dissected and then axial radiographs were taken. The screws were evaluated clinically and radiographically for their safety. Screws were graded clinically for their safety with respect to the spinal cord, facet joint, nerve root and vertebral artery. The grades consisted of the following categories : "satisfactory", "at risk" and "direct injury". Each screw was also graded according to its zone placement. Screw position was quantified by measuring a sagittal angle from the lateral radiograph and an axial angle from the axial radiograph. Pull-out force was determined for all screws using a material testing machine. Results : Dissection revealed that fifteen screws on the left side actually had only unicortical and not bicortical purchase as intended. The majority of screws(92.8%) were satisfactory in terms of safety. There were no injuries to the spinal cord. On the right side(unicortical), 98.9% of the screws were "satisfactory" and on the left side(bicortical) 68.1% were "satisfactory". There was a 5.8% incidence of direct arterial injury and a 17.4% incidence of direct nerve root injury with the bicortical screws. There were no "direct injuries" with the unicortical screws for the nerve root or vertebral artery. The unicortical screws had a 21.4% incidence of direct injury of the facet joint, while the bicortical screws had a 21.7% incidence. The majority of "direct injury" of bicortical screws were placed by the surgeon with the least experience. The performance of the resident surgeon was significantly different from the attending or fellow(p<0.05) in terms of safety of the nerve root and vertebral artery. The attending's performance was significantly better than the resident or fellow(p<0.05) in terms of safety of the facet joint. There was no relationship between the safety of a screw and its zone placement. The axial deviation angle measured $23.5{\pm}6.6$ degrees and $19.8{\pm}7.9$ degrees for the unicortical and bicortical screws, respectively. The resident surgeon had a significantly lower angle than the attending or fellow(p<0.05). The sagittal angle measured $66.3{\pm}7.0$ degrees and $62.3{\pm}7.9$ degrees for the unicortical and bicortical screws, respectively. The attending had a significantly lower sagittal angle than the fellow or resident(p<0.05). Thirty-three screws that entered the facet joint were tested for pull-out strength but excluded from the data because they were not lateral mass screws per-se and had deviated substantially from the intended final trajectory. The mean pull-out force for all screws was $542.9{\pm}296.6N$. There was no statistically significant difference between the pull-out force for unicortical($519.9{\pm}286.9N$) and bicortical($565.2{\pm}306N$) screws. There was no significant difference in pull-out strengths with respect to zone placement. Conclusion : It is our belief that the risk associated with bicortical purchase mandates formal spine training if it is to be done safely and accurately. Unicortical screws are safer regardless of level of training. It is apparent that 14mm lateral mass screws placed in a supero-lateral trajectory in the adult cervical spine provide an equivalent strength with a much lower risk of injury than the longer bicortical screws placed in a similar orientation.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.139-151
• /
• 2018

The Songgang-ri area, Cheongsong-gun, which is located in the Sobaeksan province of Yeongnam Massif near the southwestern boundary of Yeongyang subbasin of Gyeongsang Basin, consists of age unknown metamorphic rocks (banded gneiss, granitic gneiss, limesilicates) and age unknown igneous rock (granite gneiss) which intrudes them. This paper researched the geological structures of the Songgang-ri area from the geometric and kinematic features and the developing sequence of multi-deformed rock structures in the geological outcrops exposed about 170 m along the riverside of Yongjeoncheon in the eastern part of Songgang village, Songgang-ri. In the Songgang-ri geological outcrops are recognized three times (Fn, Fn+1, Fn+2) of folding, three times (Dk-I, Dk-II, Dk-III) intrusion of acidic dykes, one time of faulting, which are different in deformation and intrusion timing each other. These geological structures are at least formed by five times (Dn, Dn+1, Dn+2, Dn+3, Dn+4) of deformation. The Dn deformation is recognized by Fn fold which axial surface is parallel to the regional foliation. The Dn+1 intruded the (E)NE trending Dk-I dyke in the earlier phase and formed the NW trending Fn+1 fold in the later phase under compression of (E)NE-(W)SW direction. There are tight, isoclinal, intrafolial folds, boudinage, ${\sigma}$- or ${\delta}$-type boudins, asymmetric fold, C' shear band as the major deformed rock structures. The Dn+2 intruded the (N)NW trending Dk-II dyke in the earlier phase and formed NE trending Fn+2 fold in the later phase under compression of (N)NW-(S)SE direction. There are open fold and folded boudinage as those. The Dn+2 intruded the Dk-III dyke which cuts the Dk-I and Dk-II dykes and the axial surface of Fn+2 fold. The Dn+3 formed the left-handed reverse oblique-slip fault of NNE trend in which hanging wall moves into the SSE direction. Considering in that such five times of deformation recognized in the Songgang-ri geological outcrops are closely connected to the distribution and geological structure of the constituents in the more regional area as well as Songgang-ri area, the research result is expected to play a great data in clarifying and understanding the geological structure and its development process of the surrounding and boundary constituents of the Yeongnam Massif and Gyeongsang Basin.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 2001

Purpose : 99mTc DMSA renal scan have been widely used not only for tile evaluation of renal scars but also for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Recent studies have shown SPECT images have higher accuracy than the planar images with some controversy. We evaluated the availability of the SPECT images adding to planar images for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis(APN) and renal scar in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : 130 children with UTI (260 kidney units) and 22 follow-up children (44 kidney units) were included between January 1, 1997 and July 31, 1999 at Ewha University Mokdong Hospital. Planar Anterior and posterior images and SPECT axial and coronal images of 99mTc DMSA renal scan were obtained with Starcam 4000-i U.S.A. GE at 3 hours after 99mTc DMSA I.V. injection. The data were analyzed by Chi square test after Yates's correction. Results : The detection rate of the acute pyelonephritis by SPECT images was 12.3$\%$ higher than that of planar images ($47.7\%\;vs\;35.4\%$) by the patient and 6.9$\%$ higher also ($31.9\%\;vs\;25.4\%$) by the kidney unit. 18 kidney units with negative planar images had focal defect in 10 kidney units (3.8$\%$) and multifocal defect in 8 kidney units (3.1$\%$) on SPECT images, but 1 kidney unit with positive planar image had negative SPECT image. SPECT images were superior to tile planar images in 17.3$\%$. identical in 82.3$\%$ and inferior in 0.4$\%$ to planar image. The detection rate of tile renal scars by SPECT images was 13.7$\%$ higher than planar images by the patient ($68.2\%\;vs\;54.5\%$) and 6.8$\%$ higher also ($43.2\%\;vs\;36.4\%$) by the kidney unit. SPECT images were superior to the planar images in 17.3$\%$ and identical in 82.3$\%$ to planar image. Conclusion SPECT images had shown higher detection rate and better image than planar images for the diagnosis of the acute pyelonephritis and the evaluation of the renal scars. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 22- 9, 2001)

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The morphological study and dynamic stability of the ulnar nerve around the elbow joint was investigated in asymptomatic normal population using ultrasonography. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental data for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy in cubital tunnel syndrome. Materials and Methods: Fifty cases of 25 healthy male volunteers, aged between 20 to 30 years, included in this study. High resolution 7.5 MHz linear probe was used to examine the ulnar nerve in axial and longitudinal views. In a longitudinal view, the course, position and the thickness of nerve were monitored, the diameter of ulnar nerve and dynamic stability at elbow flexion and extension were measured in an axial view at four different points; 1cm proximal to medial epicondyle, behind the medial epicondyle, entrance to Osborne ligament, and 1cm distal to Osborne ligament. Results: The short diameters of ulnar nerve at elbow extension at four anatomic points were 2.66 mm, 2.97 mm, 2.64 mm, and 2.69 mm and the long diameters were 4.61 mm, 4.56 mm, 4.36 mm, and 4.37 mm, which showed no significant change at each point. However, at elbow flexion, the short diameters were changed to 2.72 mm, 2.34 mm, 2.65 mm, and 2.41 mm and the long diameters into 4.49 mm, 5.40 mm, 4.16 mm, and 4.66 mm. At elbow flexion, significant morphologic change was observed in the medial epicondyle area, and the diameter of the ulnar nerve was shortest at the entrance of Osborne ligament both at flexion and extension. In terms of dynamic stability, nine subluxations and seven dislocations were observed. Conclusion: This study shows dynamic instability and a morphological change of long and short diameters of ulnar nerve at flexion and extension in a normal person, which should be considered in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.254-270
• /
• 2000

To clarify the geological structure of North Sobaegsan Massif in the Sangunmyeon area, Bonghwagun, Korea, where the Yecheon Shear Zone passes and the NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments are developed, the rock-structures of its main constituent rocks(Precambrian Won-nam Formation and Mesozoic Hornblende Granite) were examined. In this area, the geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation after the formation of gneissosity or schistosity of the Wonnam Formation: one deformation before D2 ductile shearing related to the for-mation of the Yecheon Shear Zone and two deformations after that. The NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments were formed by a giant open or gentle type of F4 fold, and their trends before D4 deformation are interpreted to be parallel to the orientation(ENE-WSW trend) of folded surface in the F4 hinge zone. The structural features of Dl-D3 deformations and their relative occurrence times are as follows. Dl deformation is formative period of the boudin structures and ENE-WSW trending isoclinal folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and steeply inclined axial surfaces. D2 deformation is that of the mylonite foliation, stretching lineation and Z-shaped asymmetric folds related to top-to-the ENE dextral strike-slip shearing on the distinct foliations of Wonnam Formation(after intrusion of Mesozoic Hornblende Granite). D3 deformation is that of the ENE trending S-shaped asymmetric folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and axial surfaces related to normal-slip shearing on the distinct foliations. It is expected that the result will be contributed to as valuable data for interpreting the tectonic evolution of the North Sobaegsan Massif and the Northeast Ogcheon Belt whose tectonic lineaments are changed from NE-SW to E-W trends at the Sindong-Bonghwa line.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.256-262
• /
• 2001

Objective：The enlargement of the lateral ventricle is well established finding in adult-onset schizophrenia, but in the patients with early-onset psychotic disorder(EOPD) is still controversal. To identify structural abnormalities of the lateral ventricle in patients with EOPD and difference of the brain developmental course in EOPD group, planimetrical assessment of the lateral ventricle was conducted by means of retrospective quantitative neuroimaging. Methods：The brain MR images of 14 patients with EOPD(mean age $14.0{\pm}2.1$ years) who met the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and 24 control subjects with simple headache(mean age $10.0{\pm}2.1$ years) were collected. Single best view for the lateral ventricle, one axial slice was selected for analysis. MR images were redigitalized with flatbed scanner and data were analyzed with NIH IMAGE software. Results：In the patients with EOPD, there were significant correlations between aging and lateral ventricular sizes and between aging and ventricular brain ratio(VBR). The statistical significance of normal asymmetry of the lateral ventricle was not observed for the EOPD group. The EOPD group had larger lateral ventricular sizes and VBR than control group, but these results were not statistically significant. Conclusion：These findings suggest that the brain abnormalities in patients with EOPD progress from the earlier course of the disorders and the course of brain development in EOPD group is different from control group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Because of limitation of image acquisition method and acquisition time, scatter correction cannot perform easily in SPECT study. But in our hospital, could provide to clinic doctor of scatter corrected images, through introduction of new generation gamma camera has function of simple scatter correction. Taking this opportunity, we will compare scatter corrected and non-scatter corrected image from image quality of point of view. Materials and Methods: We acquisite the 'Hoffman brain phantom' SPECT image and '1mm line phantom' SPECT image, each 18 times, with GE Infinia Hawkeye 4, SPECT-CT gamma camera. At first, we calculated each contrast from axial slice of scatter corrected and non-scatter corrected SPECT image of 'Hoffman brain phantom'. and next, calculated each FWHM of horizontal and vertical from axial slice of scatter corrected and non-scatter corrected SPECT image of '1mm line phantom'. After then, we attempted T test analysis with SAS program on data, contrast and resolution value of scatter corrected and non-scatter corrected image. Results: The contrast of scatter corrected image, elevated from 0.3979 to 0.3509. And the resolution of scatter corrected image, elevated from 3.4822 to 3.6375. p value were 0.0097 in contrast and <0.0001 in resolution. We knew the fact that do improve of contrast and resolution through scatter correction. Conclusion: We got the improved SPECT image through simple and easy way, scatter correct. We will expect to provide improved images, from contrast and resolution point of view. to our clinic doctor.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2010

Purpose: PET/CT combines functional and morphologic data and increases diagnostic accuracy in a variety of malignancies. Especially reconstructed Fusion PET/CT images or MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) images from a 2-dimensional image to a 3-dimensional one are useful in visualization of the lesion. But in Fusion & MIP 3D reconstruction image, due to hot uptake by urine or urostomy bag, lesion is overlapped so it is difficult that we can distinguish the lesion with the naked eye. This research tries to improve a distinction by removing parts of hot uptake. Materials and Methods: This research has been conducted the object of patients who have went to our hospital from September 2008 to March 2009 and have a lot of urine of remaining volume as disease of uterus, bladder, rectum in the result of PET/CT examination. We used GE Company's Advantage Workstation AW4.3 05 Version Volume Viewer program. As an analysis method, set up ROI in region of removal in axial volume image, select Cut Outside and apply same method in coronal volume image. Next, adjust minimum value in Threshold of 3D Tools, select subtraction in Advanced Processing. It makes Fusion & MIP images and compares them with the image no using Region Cut Definition. Results: In Fusion & MIP 3D reconstruction image, it makes Fusion & MIP images and compares them by using Advantage Workstation AW4.3 05's Region Cut Subtraction, parts of hot uptake according to patient's urine can be removed. Distinction of lesion was clearly reconstructed in image using Region Cut Definition. Conclusion: After examining the patients showing hot uptake on account of volume of urine intake in bladder, in process of reconstruction image, if parts of hot uptake would be removed, it could contribute to offering much better diagnostic information than image subtraction of conventional method. Especially in case of disease of uterus, bladder and rectum, it will be helpful for qualitative improvement of image.