• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether 1) variation of bowel sounds recorded stably through an electronic stethoscope in a sound insulation box can be related with that of gastric contraction and 2) if they are thus useful tool in the measurement of the gastric contractility in awake rats or not. Methods: Electrical potentials of both electronic stethoscope of bowel sound and force transducer were recorded simultaneously and continuously in the sound insulation box for the starting 30 min of basal state, and then 30 min of 0.2 ml normal saline administration, finally 30 min of 0.2 ml mosapride citrate solution (100 mg/Kg) in rats. Each motility index of normal saline or mosapride citrate treatment was presented with ratio against the basal state by using integrated electrical potentials. Results: A pattern of significance of gastric contractility between bowel sound and force transducer was showed analogously. Conclusions: The amplitude of bowel sounds recorded by the electronic stethoscope related with the intensity of gastric contractions. This confirms that a sound insulation box and electronic stethoscope are useful tools in the measurement of the gastric contractility of awake rats.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.750-755
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• 2007

The linear SEF (Spectral Edge Frequency) parameter and spectrum analysis method can not reflect the non-linear of EEG. This method can not contribute to acquire real time analysis and obtain a high confidence in the clinic due to low discrimination. To solve the problems, the development of a new index is carried out using the bispectrum analyzing the EEG including the non-linear characteristic. At the bispectrum analysis of the 2 dimension, the most significant's power spectrum density peaks appeared much at the specific area in awake and anesthesia state. Because many peaks are showed at the specific area in the frequency coordinate, these points are used to create the new index. Range of the index is 0-100. At the anesthesia, the index is 20-50 and at the awake, the index is 90-60. New index can discriminate the awake and anesthesia state.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.301-304
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• 2018

Awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation is a useful technique, especially in patients with airway obstruction. It must not only provide sufficient anesthesia, but also maintain spontaneous breathing. We introduce a method to achieve this using a small dose of fentanyl and midazolam in combination with topical anesthesia. The cases of 2 patients (1 male, 1 female) who underwent oral maxillofacial surgery are reported. They received $50{\mu}g$ of fentanyl 2-3 times (total $2.2-2.3{\mu}g/kg$) at intervals of approximately 2 min. Oxygen was administered via a mask at 6 L/min, and 0.5 mg of midazolam was administered 1-4 times (total 0.02-0.05 mg/kg) at intervals of approximately 2 min. A tracheal tube was inserted through the nasal cavity after topical anesthesia was applied to the epiglottis, vocal cords, and into the trachea through the fiberscope channel. All patients were successfully intubated. This is a useful and safe method for awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.279-283
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• 2019

An 8-year-old castrated male Korean short hair cat was referred with chronic vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. The cat was diagnosed with alimentary lymphoma via fine needle aspiration. Three weeks later, he was presented again with anorexia. Hepatomegaly and hyperechoic change in the liver parenchyma were observed. Computed tomography while awake was performed and revealed hypoattenuation of the hepatic parenchyma. The cat was tentatively diagnosed with feline hepatic lipidosis secondary to alimentary lymphoma. In the feline patient with lymphoma, hepatomegaly is important to differentiate hepatic lipidosis from hepatic infiltration of lymphoma on liver. In the present case, fatty infiltration of the liver was identified via non-invasive, rapid, and convenient computed tomography examination in an awake cat with a lymphoma.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.242-248
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• 1999

Diazepam, a benzodiazepine (BDZ) agonist, produces sedation and flumazenil, a BDZ antagonist, blocks these actions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of BDZs on cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in rats. The recording electrodes were implanted over the frontal and parietal cortices bilaterally, and the reference and ground electrodes over cerebellum under ketamine anesthesia. To assess the effects of diazepam and flumazenil, rats were injected with diazepam (1 mgHg, i.p.) and/or flumazenil ( 1 mg/kg, i.p.), and the EEG was recorded before and after drugs. Normal awake had theta peak in the spectrum and low amplitude waves, while normal sleep showed large amplitude of slow waves. The powers of delta, theta and alpha bands were increased during sleep compared with during awake. Diazepam reduced the mobility of the rat and induced sleep with intermittent fast spindles and large amplitude of slow activity, and it produced broad peak over betaL band and increased the power of gamma band, which were different from EEG patterns in normal sleep. Saline injection awakened rats and abolished fast spindles for a short period about 2-5 min from EEG pattern during diazepam-induced sleep. Flumazenil blocked both diazepam-induced sleep and decreased the slow activities of delta, theta, alpha and betaL, but not of gamma activity for about 10 min or more. This study may indicate that decrease in power of betaL and betaH bands can be used as the measure of central action of benzodiazepines, and that the EEG parameters of benzodiazepines have to be measured without control over the behavioral state by experimenter.

• Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
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• 제71권6호
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• pp.483-485
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• 2018

A 34-year-old man who previously underwent a craniotomy due to oligodendroglioma was admitted with a diagnosis of recurrent brain tumor. An awake craniotomy was planned. Approximately 15 minutes after completing the scalp nerve block, his upper torso suddenly moved and trembled for 10 seconds, suggesting a generalized clonic seizure. He recovered gradually and fully in 55 minutes without any neurological sequelae. The emergency computed tomography scan revealed a localized fluid collection and small intracerebral hemorrhage nearby in the temporoparietal cortex beneath the skull defect. He underwent surgery under general anesthesia at 8 hours after the seizure and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days. This report documents the first case of generalized seizure that was caused by the accidental intracerebral injection of local anesthetics. Although the patient recovered completely, the clinical implications regarding the scalp infiltration technique in a patient with skull defects are discussed.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.532-543
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• 2004

이동 애드혹 망을 구성하는 노드들은 일반적으로 배터리 전력을 사용하기 때문에 이들의 에너지 소모량을 줄이는 연구들이 각 계층에 대해 이루어져 왔다. 매체 접근 제어 프로토콜로 많이 이용되는 IEEE 802.11 DCF에서도 전력 절감 모드가 정의되어 있으며, 노드들은 동기화된 상태에서 주기적으로 활동 상태와 휴면 상태를 반복한다. 활동 상태 동안 서로 전송할 메시지가 있는지 여부를 이웃 노드에 공지하고, 전송에 관여하게 될 노드들은 계속해서 활동 상태로 머물러 필요한 송수신을 하는 반면, 그 외의 노드들은 다음 주기까지 휴면 상태에 들게 된다. 대부분의 기존 연구들은 보다 많은 전력 절감을 위해 휴면기간을 최대화, 최적화하는 것에 초점을 맞추었다. 그러나, 이로 인해 메시지들이 한 주기 당 한 홉씩 전달되어 결과적으로 매우 긴 전송지연을 초래할 수 있다는 것은 지금까지 간과되었다. 본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11 DCF의 전력 절감 모드에서 빠른 속도로 전체 망으로의 플러딩을 수행할 수 있는 개선된 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 고정된 길이의 활동 상태 기간 동안 이웃 노드뿐 아니라 최대한 멀리까지 공지를 전달하게 하고, 동시에 많은 구간의 노드가 깨어 있게 함으로써 그 이후의 데이타 메시지 전달 속도를 높인다 시뮬레이션에 의한 실험 결과, 제안된 알고리즘은 IEEE 802.11 DCF 전력 절감 모드와 비교해 약간의 추가 에너지 소모로 플러딩 전송 지연을 최대 80% 이상 감소시켰으며, 플러딩 트래픽이 있을 경우의 유니 캐스팅 전송 지연 또한 약 50% 만큼 감소시키는 성능을 보였다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2005년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.311-316
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• 2005

The power saving mechanism of IEEE 802.16e operates in two modes; awake mode and sleep mode. While the user terminal transmits and receives packets in awake mode, it sleeps for a given interval to save the power consumption in sleep mode. The IEEE 802.16e specifies that the user terminal increases the sleep interval exponentially unless it has to wake up. In this paper, we analyze the performance of IEEE 802.16e power saving mechanism by considering down link traffic conditions. With the extensive simulations, we observe the trade-off between the power saving performance and the average packet delay. In addition, we observe that various performance parameters of IEEE 802.16e power saving mechanism are affected by the traffic patterns.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2007

The researchers have studied for a long time about the depth of anesthesia but they don't make criteria for the depth of anesthesia. Anesthetists can't make a prediction about patient's reaction. Therefore, patients have potential risk such as poisonous side effect, late-awake, early-awake and strain reaction. In this study, the distributed characteristics on the bispectrum and bicoherence, the type of nonlinear signal processing, as a result of the coupling of EEG were presented according to depth of anesthesia. These results were consistent with a trend of delta ratio that the index of evaluation for the depth of anesthesia. The higher-order spectrum (HOS), the bispectrum and bicoherence, gives the useful information about depth of anaesthesia than other indexes.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.153-156
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• 2015

A 47-year-old man was referred to the operating room to treat a dentigenous cyst of the mandibular bone. Initial assessment of the airway was considered normal. However, after the induction of anesthesia, we could not intubate the patient due to severe distortion of the glottis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and video laryngoscopy were not effective. Intubation using a retrograde wire technique was successful. After the conclusion of surgery, the patient recovered without any complications. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the patient's neck showed a $6{\times}4{\times}8.6cm$ heterogeneous T2 hyperintense, T1 isointense well-enhancing mass in the prestyloid parapharyngeal space. The patient was scheduled for excision of the mass. We planned awake intubation with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The procedure was successful and the patient recovered without complications. Anesthetic induction can decrease the muscle tone of the airway and increase airway distortion. Therefore, careful airway assessment is necessary.