• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2000

To investigate the correlation between college women's energy intake and body fat percentage, this study was undertaken with 116 college women aged 19-24 years. The subjects were 20.9 years old on the average, and mean height and weight was 161.3 cm, 51.2 kg. Blood pressures were 112.4 mm Hg(systolic pressure), 70.2 mmHg(diastolic pressure). The number of pulse was 75.5 count/min. The energy intake and percent body fat were examined. The average intake of energy was 7652kcal/day(82.3% of RDA), which was lower than the recommended amount. It was similar to the level of energy intake of Korean women. BMI was 19.7 and body fat percent was 24.4%, so they appeared plump. According to BMI, 43.1% of subjects was grouped into normal, 56.9% was thin ; there was no difference between groups in age and stature. Also, normal group(27.1%) shoed significantly higher body fat percent(27.1%) than thin group(22.3%). But, body fat percent of thin group according to BMI was shown normal. Therefore, it may be thought that BMI is unsuitable indicator in this study. As a result of analyzing the correlation between body-measuring value and food intake, body fat percent against body weight and BMI was significant at the level p<0.001, but thee was no significant correlation with food intake. Therefore, it is desirable to recommend a healthful dietary lifestyle and activities for young women who want to reduce body weight due to excessive concerns regarding their outward figure.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to investigate the normal range of condylar displacement of normal adults. The author has observed two roentgenographic images of condylar head taken by transcranial projection. Two roentgenographic images are centric occlusion and centric relation. The results were obtained as follow: 1. Total subjects are 72 condyles. The condylar displacement from centric relation to centric occlusion was shown in 65 condyles (90%) anteriorly. 59 condyles (82%) inferiorly. Two condyles (3%) showed neither anterior displacement nor inferior displacement. 2. The average displacement of right condyles was 0.54±0.06㎜ anteriorly, 0.34±0.05㎜ inferiorly. The average displacement of left condyles was 0.74±0.09㎜ anteriorly, 0.45±0.05㎜ inferiorly. 3. The subjects of synmetrical displacement are 7 cases (20%) anteriorly, 2 cases (6%) inferiorly.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.376-381
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• 1996

In this study, the quality contral of high strength reacy-mixed concrete with design compressive strength of 420 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ placed at a tail building for a long period is statistically investigated. The amount of cast-in-place high strength concrete is by about $15000\textrm{m}^3$. The required average compressive striength is 500 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ according to KS F 4009 with assumed coefficient of variation of 11%. Since there are many concrete members in this construction, fly ash is used to reduce the heat of hydration of concrete. As the results of this study, the average actual 28-day compressive strength is 498 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and the coefficient of variation is 6.7%. The placing speed is comparable to normal strength concrete, however, the pump pressure is higher than that of normal strength concrete.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.102-109
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• 2006

This paper investigates the effects of non-normality on the performance of univariate and multivariate cumulative sum(CUSUM) control charts for monitoring the process mean. In-control and out-of-control average run lengths of the charts are examined for the univariate/multivariate lognormal and t distributions. The effects of the reference value and the correlation coefficient under the non-normal distributions are also studied. Simulation results show that the CUSUM charts with small reference values are robust to non-normality but those with moderate or large reference values are sensitive to non-normal data especially to process data from skewed distributions. The performance of the chart to detect mean shift of a process is not invariant to the direction of the shift for skewed distributions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1987.10b
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• pp.249-254
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• 1987

This paper presents a new method for generating smooth free-form surface by local correction. B-spline surface is used for its convenience of local correction, and the direction of surface correction is fixed to the average-surface-normal direction. The surface to be corrected is approximated into a uniform cubic B-spline surface. Then, the smoothness (curvature arrows, iso-parametric lines) of the approximated surface is displayed with B-spline control points. When a control point near the region that needs correction is selected, a new point 1 mm higher than the original control point in the direction of the average surface normal is displayed. And the surface is corrected by giving the amount of control point movement interactively. Since the direction of correction is given by the program and the amount of correction is selected by the user, the method is called semiautomatic. sufficiently smooth surface can be obtained by this method. Examples are given to illustrate the method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.313-318
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• 2001

The sliding wear behavior of Plasma-Sprayed Al$_2$O$_3$-TiO$_2$ Coating against Cemented Carbide were Investigated using a pin on disk type tester. The experiment was conducted using Al$_2$O$_3$-TiO$_2$ Coaling as pin material and Cemented Carbide as disk material and different operating conditions, at room temperature under a dry conditions. The results showed that the type B(250kw power) appeared average wear rate Is lowed than type A(80kw power). The specific wear rate of Specimen A1 Increased with normal load. But The specific wear rate of Specimen B1 decreased with normal load. Average wear rate of specimen A3, B3 are lowed than other but the sliding wear mechanism of edge were rough.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the body weight control, attitudes, lifestyles and dietary habits according to the obesity index of elementary school students. This study utilized questionnaires and body composition measurements collected with a bio- electrical impedance analyzer(Inbody 4.0). Specifically, differences between the underweight group, normal group, and overweight group were tested by a $x^2$-test or ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The subjects consisted of 571 elementary school students residing in Chonbuk Province. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the male subjects was 11.5 years, 150.0 cm, 45.2 kg and $20.0\;kg/m^2$, respectively. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the female subjects was 11.5 years, 152.2 cm, 46.1 kg and $19.8\;kg/m^2$, respectively. Twenty percent of the subjects were in the underweight group, 52.2% were in the normal weight group, and 27.8% were in the overweight group according to the Korean Pediatrics Society standards. A total of 50.2% of the subjects were dissatisfied with their body weight, while 36.8% of underweight, 42.3% of normal weight, and 81.1% of overweight subjects were dissatisfied with their weight. Fifty two percent of the subjects had attempted to reduce their body weight, including 50% of the normal weight group. The main reason for wanting to reduce body weight was to maintain health. The percentage of subjects who had received body weight control education was 41.3%, but 77.6% of the subjects thought it was necessary. Poor time management, lack of physical activity, portion size of meals, unbalanced diet, frequent consumption of convenience foods, and frequent snacking all affected the obesity index. Overall, the results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop weight control programs for all elementary school students who are underweight, normal weight, and overweight.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.207-207
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• 1996

The neutral tone is one of the most important distinguishing features in Beijing Mandarin, but there are two completely different views on its linguistic function: a special tone(Xu, 1980) versus weak stress(Chao, 1968). In this paper, the acoustic manifestation of the neutral tone will be explored to show that it is closely related to weak stress. 122 disyllabic words in which the second syllable carries the neutral tone, including 22 stress pairs, were uttered by a native male speaker of Beijing dialect and analysed by Kay Digital Sonagraph 5500-1. The results of the acoustic analysis are presented as follows: 1) The first two formants of the medial and the syllabic vowel moves towards that of central vowel with a greater magnitude in the syllable with the neutral tone than in the syllable with any of the four normal tones. Also the vowel ending, and nasal coda /n/ and / / in the syllable with the neutral tone tends to be deleted. 2) In the syllables with the neutral tone, there are strong carryover coarticulations between the medial and syllabic vowel and the preceding unvoiced consonant. In general, the vowel is affected to move towards the position of the central vowel with more greater magnitude by coronal consonant than by labial or velar consonant. 3) In the syllable with the neutral tone, when and only when it precedes a syllable with tone-4, the high vowel following [f], [ts'], [s], [ts'], [s], [tc'] or [c] tends to be voiceless. 4) It can be seen from the acoustical results of 22 stress pairs that the duration of the syllable with the neutral tone is on the average reduced to 55% of that of the syllable with the four normal tones, and the duration of the final in the syllable with neutral tone is on the average reduced to 45% of that of the final in the syllable with the four normal tones(Lin & Yan 1980). 5) The FO contour of the neutral tone is highly dependent on the preceding normal tone(Lin & Yan 1993). For a number of languages it has been found that the vowel space is reduced as the level of stress placed upon the vowel is reduced(Nord 1986). Therefore we reach the conclusion that the syllable with neutral tone is related to weak stress(Lin & Yan 1990). The neutral tone is not a special tone because the preceding normal tone.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.155-169
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to prove the relationship between arthrographic and clinical features in temporomandibular joint disorders. In order to carry out this study, ninety-eight arthrographic examinations of temporomandibular joints were performed on eighty-two patients who had the temporomandibular joint disorders. As the arthrographic examination, the cases were classified in three groups, disk displacement with reduction, disk displacement without reduction, within normal limit. After this, the cases were clinically examined, and the results were compared and analyzed in each other group. The obtained results were as follows; 1. As the classification by arthrographic examination, three groups (disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, within normal limit) were 41 ％, 54％, 5％ of total cases in this study, respectively. 2. The third decade(65％) was most frequent in this study. The average age of each group (disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, within normal limit) was 24, 28, 21, and disc displacement without reduction group was higher than any other group. 3. In the chief complaint, pain was the most frequent in all three groups. Joint sound was also frequent in disc displacement with reduction group, but in disc displacement without reduction group, limitation of mouth opening was more frequent. 4. Of the various pain, the movement pain was most frequent ( 61 ％) in this study. In joint sound, click(63％) was the most frequent in disc displacement with reduction group, but sound history(42％) and no sound (31 ％) were more frequent in disc displacement without reduction group. 5. The average maximum opening of each group (disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, within normal limit) was 44mm, 32.9mm, 44mm, and disc displacement without reduction group was less than any other group. 6. The masticatory disturbance of each group (disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, within normal limit) was 53％, 79％, 40％, and the trauma history of each group was 50％, 40％,60％.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2011

Obesity contributes to an increased risk for chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity has increased in Korea. We compared the clinical and dietary characteristics of obese adults (n = 30, 17 men and 13 women, mean age 29.9) to those with a normal weight (n = 15, 8 men and 7 women, mean age 26.5). We determined lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure, and serum free fatty acid (FFA). Dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 3-day dietary record. Exercise patterns and average alcohol intake were determined. The average body mass index was 28.3 kg/$m^2$ in the obese and 21.2 kg/$m^2$ in the normal weight groups. The obese group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, lower levels of HDL cholesterol, and higher blood pressures compared to the normal weight group. FBS was not significantly different between the two groups. The obese group had significantly more subjects with metabolic syndrome (26.7%) compared to the normal weight group (0%). Serum FFA levels tended to be higher in the obese (P = 0.087). No significant difference in caloric intake was observed between the two groups. No differences in carbohydrate, protein, or fat intake between two groups were observed from the FFQ. However, results from the 3-day dietary record showed that the percentage of energy from fat was significantly higher in the obese group. The frequency and amount of exercise did not differ between the two groups. Alcohol consumed per drinking episode was significantly higher in the obese group. These results confirm that excessive weight is associated with disturbances in lipid metabolism in these fairly young and otherwise healthy adults. Dietary factors, including higher fat intake and alcohol consumption, seem to be contributing to the obesity of these subjects.