• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.241-263
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• 2008

Within any income approach, a discount rate is used to convert some projected free cash flow to its presented value. In case of valuing companies, the most frequently used discount rate is the weighted average cost of capital(WACC) at the aggregate level. But technology valuation is different to discounting aggregate corporate cash flow since it is concerned about individual Intellectual property. Therefore, blindly applying standard discount rate such as WACC in technology valuation is unlikely to lead to the right result. The primary focus of this paper is to establish the structure of discount rate for technology valuation and to suggest the method of estimation. To determine an appropriate discount rate for technology valuation, the level of technology risk, market risk and competitive risk should be included in the structure of discount rate. This paper suggests the build-up model which consists of three components as a expansion of the CAPM. It includes (1) a risk-free rate of return, (2) general market risk premium and beta and (3) intellectual property risk premium related to technology risk and specific target market risk. However, there is no specific check list for examining the intellectual property risk until now and no specific method for quantifying its risk into risk premium. This paper developed the 10 element to determine the level of the intellectual property risk and applied estimation function such as linear function, natural log function and exponential function to transform the level of risk into risk premium. The limitation of this paper is that the range of intellectual property risk premium is inferred based on the information of foreign and domestic valuation agency. Finally, this paper explored the development of an intellectual property discount rate for technology valuation and presented the method in order to quantify the intellectual property risk premium.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.3 s.27
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• pp.313-322
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• 1989

The present status of the traffic accident rate in Korea shows that it is the highest in the world with a continuously increasing trend. Human factors account for 90% of the causes of traffic accidents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine some human factors related to traffic accidents by studying the relationship between health status and traffic accidents. To accomplish this purpose, all taxi companies located in the Seoul area were divided in three groups according to the number of taxi possessed, then some companies in each ?roup were randomly selected for study, and a total of 222 drivers in those selected companies were questioned and examined from April 15 to April 22, 1989. Seventy drivers among 222 had experienced a traffic accident. A $x^2$-test was performed on the data, then, factor analysis and discrminant analysis were executed with the following results: 1. The drivers complaining of gastroenteric symptoms numbered 110(49.5%), which was the major symptom among all drivers complaining of poor health. 2. In the primary analysis, variables related to traffic accidents were divided into general, occupational, and health characteristics. Drivers having no traffic accident experience and drivers having that experience were subjected to question about age, educational level, residential status, monthly average income, working hours and days, degree of satisfaction with their profession and homelife, degree of worry about health. degree of fatigue, medication, drunken driving, and illness, but there were no statistical significances. 3. In the factor analysis, the 8 health variables which cause traffic accidents were classified into 3 common factors which were perceived health factor, sleeping and drunken driving, and visual acuity and smoking factor. Perceived health was the factor which contributed most to explaining accidents. 4. In the discriminant analysis, a correct prediction rate of 68.0% was obtained in the factors of all the characteristics. 5. Degree of sttisfaction with their homelife and educational and economic factor in the general characteristics, degree of satisfaction with their profession in the occupational characteristics, and sleeping and drunken driving in the health characteristics were selected as statistically significant factors to discriminant the traffic accident. 6. Among the factors of the general, occupational, and health characteristics, degree of satisfaction with their homelife, driving experience, family factor, perceived factor were selected as the statistically significant factors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.64-74
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• 2020

The significance of Boseong Tea Agriculture System lies in its harmonious coexistence with the surrounding environment, producing high quality teas and maintaining its biodiversity. Boseong Tea Agriculture System has been inscribed as Korea's Important Agricultural Heritage System (KIAHS) in 2018, but the Aging Society of tea farmers is threatening the conservation and succession of tea farming of the region. The study suggests designation of Boseong Tea Agriculture System as one of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS), objecting conservation and succession of Boseong Tea Agriculture System. The study has reviewed GIAHS, KIAHS, Boseong Tea Agriculture System and surveyed tea farmers of Boseong for 3 months from March to May, 2020. The survey method includes face to face interview, phone interview (ones couldn't be reached for face to face interview) and in-depth interview of community leaders and experts, verifying the Aging Society status in Boseong tea agricultural industry. The survey result includes the following. Average age of Boseong tea farmers is 69.4 years old. Family tea-farming over two generation is 36% (54 household), and 79.4% (119 household) depends on 90% of income from tea production. The in-depth interview shows the aging tea farming society is most serious concern of tea farmers and GIAHS designation will support reliability and recognition of Boseong tea, helping conservation and succession of Boseong Tea Agriculture System. GIAHS designation will enhance and share the value of Boseong Tea Agriculture worldwide and be able to inherit the heritage for our future generation.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.65-100
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• 2018

Korean Youth are facing diverse problems. For-instance Korean youth are even called '7 given-up generation' which indicates that they gave up marriage, giving birth, social relationship, housing, dream and the hope. From this point, the study concludes that the influential factors of the alcohol problems of youth should be studied based on the eco social perspectives. And it adopted data-mining methods, using SAS-Enterprise Miner for the analysis, targeting 2538 youths. Specifically, the study analyzed and chose the most predictable model using decision tree analysis, artificial neural network and logistic analysis. As the result, the study found that gender, age, smoking, spouse, family-number, jobsearching and economic participation are statistically significant determinants of alcohol problems of youth. Precisely, those who are male, younger, have the spouse, have less family number, searching jobs, have more income and have the job were more prone to have the alcohol problems. Based on the result, this study proposed the addiction problems targeting youth and etc. and expect to have the contribution on implementing procedures for the alcohol problems.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.395-433
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• 2021

This paper aims to examine the effects of homeownership and residential types on the economic values of urban green spaces. Green open spaces as public goods provide positive externalities that are comprised of pecuniary and technological externalities. Seoul, South Korea, is used as a case study using choice experiments, with split-sample online respondents of 1,000. The study results evidenced that the differentiation between the two types of externalities is imperative for equitable provisions and efficient management of various urban open spaces. There is a positively significant and substantial impact of homeownership for apartment dwellers, ceteris paribus, but not for house dwellers. For apartments, the efficiency loss can be reduced by increasing green spaces up to the critical point where the marginal cost is at equilibrium with tenants' marginal values. For non-apartment houses, it is not homeownership but the monthly household income that has a significant impact on the amenity value. In general, public benefits from green spaces are equivalent to 16% to 33% of the current residential prices on average for a view or access. Different residential types do not cause a significant impact on the access values. Residential profiles for green spaces were developed, together with tailor-made policy suggestions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.211-227
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• 2021

Objectives: We aimed to examine the association between the relative preference for vegetables and meat and cancer incidence, in a population-based retrospective cohort in Korea. Methods: We included 10,148,131 participants (5,794,124 men; 4,354,007 women) who underwent national health screening between 2004 and 2005 from the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS-NHID). Participants were asked whether they preferred consuming 1) vegetables more often, 2) both vegetables and meat or 3) meat more often. Participants were followed up to Dec. 31, 2017. All cancer and eighteen common cancer cases were identified through the code from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. We estimated sex-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and income level. Results: During an average follow-up of 12.4 years, 714,170 cancer cases were documented. In men, consuming meat more often was associated with lower risk of esophageal, liver, and stomach cancers, but higher risk of lung and kidney cancers. Consuming both vegetables and meat was associated with higher risk of prostate cancer, but with lower risk of esophageal, liver, and stomach cancers in men. In women, consuming meat more often was associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer and breast, endometrial, and cervical cancers diagnosed before the age of 50. Consuming both vegetables and meat was associated with lower risk of liver cancer in women. Conclusions: Our study suggests a potential link between vegetable and meat intake and cancer incidence in the Korean population. Further investigation on the association between the intake of specific types of vegetables and meat and cancer risk in Korean prospective cohort studies is needed.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.271-290
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• 2018

The study aims to analyze the effects of socio-economic deprivation on suicidal ideation. The analysis data were used as a guide for Korea Welfare Panel Study 9. the frequency analysis, mean difference analysis, correlation analysis, and logistic regression were performed by SPSS programs. The results of analysis are as follows. First, The results of frequency analysis by deprivation type showed a high frequency of deprivation in the following order. Experience of not receiving a public pension, experience of being able to work but unemployed, experience of not being able to eat a balanced diet due to financial difficulties, and experience where you had nothing to eat but no more money to buy. Second, the average difference analysis shows that when a person does not have a spouse, the lower the academic background and the income level, the higher the likelihood of suicide. Third, regression analysis shows that the following deprivation patterns have a statistically significant effect on older adults' thoughts of suicide. Experience in which the respondents or their family could not go to hospital because they had no money, experience that move house because is back rent more than 2 months or can not pay rent, experience that they could not afford to buy food and eat well-balanced meals, experience of failing to pay your bills on time, experience of being able to work but not having a job, and experience in which financial difficulties left them short of food and no money to live. Based on such research results, some policy measures, such as the expanding management of medical care benefits cases, the improvement of elderly housing, residential conditions and the diet survey for the elderly, and the expansion of measures to support elderly people's tax rates, were proposed.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.147-173
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• 2014

The economic growth of China, an average of 9% as an external performance, has caused lots of side effects in the country. The social issues such as income gap, especially the wide gap between the rich and poor, and regional divide are the main cause of concerns that China's economic growth is not sustainable. It prompted the Chinese government to realize that institutional regulations on CSR are not optional but required to promote the sustainable development of corporations. In 2006, CSR was addressed for the first time in China, as the government established the November 5 Plan and revised "Company Law". The government garnered social attention by introducing CSR for the first time in November 5 Plan. Also, the government established December 5 Plan in 2011 to set a key goal as 'sustainable development' and reflect concrete measures for CSR in its corporate policy. In particular, Commercial Bank has a social responsibility to establish more concrete, forceful regulations than those of general corporations, as a financial intermediary. Thus, this study is aimed at exploring how the social responsibility of Commercial Bank is reflected in the Banking Act, the issues, and legislative directions on the social responsibility of Commercial Bank in China.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.623-633
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• 2018

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of how the presence or absence of a partner affects the life characteristics of persons aged 65 or older. For this, the subjects were divided into the married group and the single group to investigate sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, self-rated health level, disease morbidity, limitations in life due to health conditions and health-related quality of life. An assessment was carried out by analyzing local communities' health survey data of 3 years from 2014 to 2016. The results revealed that the single group had more women, a lower household income, poorer health conditions, and a higher chronic disease morbidity rate than the married group, and thus their self-rated heath level was lower as well. These characteristics were found to contribute to a lower quality of life in the single group than the married group. To this day, we have viewed the elderly as one of the groups based on age and only tried to identify their average characteristics, thus overlooking their various inherent problems. The results of this study suggest that physical, emotional and social problems seen among the elderly need a comprehensive measure. In addition, this study found that public health approaches and social welfare systems should be improved to develop personalized support programs for the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.57
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• pp.125-157
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyse effects of public support for single-parent family for adolescent single-parent who experienced social exclusion and social network. This study utilized a part of National Youth Policy Institute's 'Research on the Actual Condition of the Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth and Rearing Children'. Participants of the study were 262 adolescent single-parents at the age of 24 and below. In order to understand the effect, this study verified the moderating effect of public support for single-parent family in the context of social exclusion and social network on parental attitude and behavior(parenting efficacy, parenting stress, negative parenting behavior). Results of this study are as follows; First, Nearly half of adolescent single-parent has economic hardship in original family and most they lived with preschool children on unemployed state that the average monthly income of them was about 600,000 won. It means that their financial independence difficult. Second, family support was only significant factor for parenting efficacy and positive relationship with family and acquaintances was major influence factor for causing positive parental behavior of adolescent single-parent. As a result, social network was verified more important factor than social exclusion on parental attitude and behavior. Lastly, public support for single-parent family was confirmed as social mitigation mechanism that has the moderating effect of social exclusion and social network on parental attitude and behavior.