• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 1999

Grain size of steels is one of the most important parameters which influence yield strength and fracture toughness. Ultrasonic wave propagating in polycrystalline materials is mostly attenuated by scattering at grain boundary. Effect of ultrasonic attenuation on average ferrite grain size of carbon steels with tensile strength $40{\sim}60kgf/mm^2$ consisting of multi phases such as ferrite + pearlite and ferrite + pearlite + bainite was evaluated. The attenuation of these steels rapidly increased with average ferrite grain diameter. Average ferrite grain diameter ($D_{av}$, ${\mu}m$) could be expressed as $1.79+22.97*a^{1/2.03}$, where a is attenuation with unit of nepers/cm. From this study, it was confirmed that nondestructive ultrasonic method could be used in measuring average ferrite grain size indirectly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.172-175
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• 2006

Effects of deformation at austenite non-recrystallization region and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon (0.06 wt. %) high strength low alloy steels have been investigated. Average grain size decreased and polygonal ferrite transformation promoted with increasing deformation amount due to increase of ferrite nucleation site. As cooling rate increased, the major microstructure changed from polygonal ferrite to acicular ferrite and the fraction of M/A constituents gradually increased. Discontinuous yielding occurred in highly deformed specimen due to the formation of polygonal ferrite. However, small grain size of highly deformed specimen caused lower ductile-to-brittle transition temperature than slightly deformed specimen.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.163-171
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• 1999

The abnormal grain coarsening in wire rolling induces detrimental defects, such as jagged size tolorance, severe bending after heat treatments and drawing troubles, in the following secondary processes. Neishi et al observed that there is a band type region where grain coarsenting occurs in the plastic strain vs. deformation temperature plot. Based on the finding, we have investigate whether grain sizes and ferrite volume fractions are correlation to deformation strain with three kinds of wire rod diameters as for the different average deformation conditions. The samples were chosen from the No.2 Wire Rod Mill of POSCO where 3-roll type of finishing mill stand are used. It was found in the present work that the grain size and ferrite volume fraction of the rolled and cooled microstructure were changed with rolling reduction and rolling temperature. Abnormally grown grains at various observed points were also found. To have homogeneously fine grains of microstructure from the No. 2 Wire Rod Mill, it will be easier to control finish rolling temperature at around 750$^{\circ}C$ rather than to find another rolling schedule.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

Microstructural characteristics of two high strength (600 MPa & 800 MPa) weld metals produced by flux-cored arc welding process (FCAW) were evaluated. The 600 MPa grade weld metal was consisted of 75% acicular ferrite and 25% ferrite which was formed at relatively high temperature (grain boundary ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite, polygonal ferrite). However, the 800 MPa grade weld metal was composed of about 85% acicular ferrite and 15% low temperature forming phases (bainite, martensite). The prior austenite grain size of 800 MPa grade weld metal was decreased by solute drag force. The compositions and sizes of inclusions which are the dominant factors for the formation of acicular ferrite were analyzed by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In both 600 MPa and 800MPa grade weld metals, the inclusions were mainly consisted of Ti-oxide and Mn-oxide, and the average size of inclusions was $0.7{\mu}m$. The 800 MPa grade weld metal exhibited higher tensile strength and similar toughness compared with the 600 MPa grade weld metal. This result is mainly due to a higher fraction of low temperature products and a lower fraction of grain boundary ferrite in the 800 MPa grade weld metal.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.578-583
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• 2006

We studied the physical properties of Ni-Zn ferrites by adding different chemicals such as $SO_4$, Cl, and $NO_3$. Specimens were prepared by the coprecipitation method and sintered at temperatures $950^{\circ}C,\;1,150^{\circ}C,\;and\;1,350^{\circ}C$, respectively. X-ray diffractions showed a spinel structure and the optical microscopy revealed grain size of 0.3 to 0.6 ${\mu}m$. The optimum sintering temperature to obtain fine, sintered microstructure depended on the additive : Cl and $NO_3\;at\;950^{\circ}C\;and\;SO_4\;at\;1,150^{\circ}C$. According to particle size analysis, higher magnetic permeability and magnetization value were observed with Cl and $NO_3\;than\;SO_4$. As sintering temperature was raised from $950^{\circ}C$ to $1,350^{\circ}C$, the average grain diameter, initial permeability and the magnetic moment also increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.274-277
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• 2009

There have been a number of works on manufacturing ultrafine grained steels with average ferrite grain sizes of smaller than a few micrometers to develop beneficial high strength steels. Among microstructures in low carbon steels, lath martensite is known to be useful to produce an ultrafine grained ferrite matrix and finely globular cementite particle. Thus, severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing at lower temperature of lath martensite would become an effective way to produce ultrafine grained steels. However, most ultrafine grained steels exhibited a total elongation of a few per cent in tensile tests. Such a defect is one of the primary factors restricting the potential applications of ultrafine grained steels. Therefore, the improvement of the strength-elongation balance is required for the application of ultrafine grained structural steels. In this study, the effect of deformation temperatures on microstructure, such as ferrite grain size and the distribution of cementite particles, and mechanical property of lath martensite steels, was investigated. Specimens were fabricated through cold rolling or warm rolling and subsequent annealing.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.636-642
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• 2017

In the present study the microstructure of low-carbon steels fabricated by controlled rolling and accelerated cooling processes was characterized and identified based on various microstructure analysis methods including optical and scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD). Although low-carbon steels are usually composed of ${\alpha}-ferrite$ and cementite($Fe_3C$) phases, they can have complex microstructures consisting of ferrites with different size, morphology, and dislocation density, and secondary phases dependent on rolling and accelerated cooling conditions. The microstructure of low-carbon steels investigated in this study was basically classified into polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and bainitic ferrite based on the inverse pole figure, image quality, grain boundary, kernel average misorientation(KAM), and grain orientation spread(GOS) maps, obtained from EBSD analysis. From these results, it can be said that the EBSD analysis provides a valuable tool to identify and quantify the complex microstructure of low-carbon steels fabricated by controlled rolling and accelerated cooling processes.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.365-368
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• 2003

Small amounts of additives such as mol % 0.13 NiO and mol % 0.01 $CaCO_3$were added to Cu-Zn-Mg ferrites. Basic composition of the Cu-Zn-Mg ferrites was $Cu_{Cu}$X/$Fe_{0.054}$ /$Zn_{0.486}$$Mg_{0.407}$ $Fe_{1.946}$ $O_4$(group A) and $Cu_{0.263}$$Fe_{0.027}$ $Zn_{0.503}$ $Mg_{0.262}$ $Fe_{1.973}$ $O_4$(group B). Specimens were sintered at different temperatures (1010, 1030, $1050^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours in air followed by an air cooling. Then, effects of various composition and sintering temperatures on the microstructure and the magnetic properties such as inductions, coercive forces, and initial permeabilities of the Cu-Zn-Mg ferrites were investigated. The average grain size increased with the increase of sintering temperature. The magnetic properties obtained from the aforementioned Cu-Zn-Mg ferrite specimens were 1,724 gauss for the maximum induction, 1.0 oersted for the coercive force, and 802 for the initial permeability. These magnetic properties indicated that the specimens could be utilized as the core of IFT (intermediate frequency transformer) and antenna in the amplitude modulation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.1619-1625
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• 2021

This paper demonstrates the possible nondestructive analysis of iron artifacts' metallurgical characteristics using neutron imaging. Ancient kingdoms of the Korean Peninsula used a direct smelting process for ore smelting and iron bloom production; however, the use of iron blooms was difficult because of their low strength and purity. For reinforcement, iron ingots were produced through refining and forge welding, which then underwent various processes to create different iron goods. To demonstrate the potential analysis using neutron imaging, while ensuring artifacts' safety, a sand iron ingot (SI-I) produced using ancient traditional iron making techniques and a sand iron knife (SI-K) made of SI-I were selected. SI-I was cut into 9 cm², whereas the entirety of SI-K was preserved for analysis. SI-I was found to have an average grain size of 3 ㎛, with observed α-Fe (ferrite) and pearlite with a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structure. SI-K had a grain size of 1-3 ㎛, α-Ferrite on its backside, and martensite with a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure on its blade. Results show that the sample's metallurgical characteristics can be identified through neutron imaging only, without losing any part of the valuable artifacts, indicating applicability to cultural artifacts requiring complete preservation.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2010

This study examined the crystallographic and magnetic properties of vanadium-substituted lithium cobalt titanium ferrite, $Li_{0.7}Co_{0.2}Ti_{0.2}V_{0.2}Fe_{1.7}O_4$. Ferrite was synthesized using a conventional ceramic method. The samples annealed below $1040^{\circ}C$ showed X-ray diffraction peaks for spinel and other phases. However, the sample annealed above $1040^{\circ}C$ showed a single spinel phase. The lattice constant of the sample was $8.351\;{\AA}$, which was relatively unaffected by vanadium-substitution. The average grain size after vanadium-substitution was $13.90\;{\mu}m$, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectrum could be fitted to two Zeeman sextets, which is the typical spinel ferrite spectra of $Fe^{3+}$ with A and B sites, and one doublet. From the absorption area ratio of the M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectrum, the cation distribution was found to be ($Co_{0.2}V_{0.2}Fe_{0.6})[Li_{0.7}Ti_{0.2}Fe_{1.1}]O_4$. Vibrating sample magnetometry revealed a saturation magnetization and coercivity of 36.9 emu/g and 88.6 Oe, respectively, which were decreased by vanadium-substitution.