• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to establish food ingestion factors needed to assess exposure to contaminants through food ingestion. The study reclassified the raw data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2001 into 12 subcategories including grain products, meat products, fish and shellfish, and vegetables for international comparability of exposure evaluation. The criteria for food intake calculation were unified according to the characteristics of food groups, and recommended values for food ingestion factors were calculated through moisture correction and recategorization of cooked, processed, and mixed foods for each group. The average intake rate for grain and grain products was 6.25 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was approximately 8% higher than that of the women. The average intake rate of meat and meat products was 1.62 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was 30% higher than that of the women, on average. The average intake rate of fish and shellfish was 1.53 g/kg-d per capita, and the age groups of 1 to 2 and 3 to 6 recorded higher capita intake rates than other age groups, 2.62 g/kg-d and 2.25 g/kg-d, respectively. The average intake rate of vegetables was 6.47 g/kg-d per capita, with the age group of 1 to 2 recording the highest per capita intake rate of 9.79 g/kg-d and that of 13 to 19 recording the lowest mean. The study also offers recommended values for food ingestion factors of other food groups by gender, age, and region. The food ingestion exposure factors will need future updates in consideration of ongoing changes in food consumption behavior.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

More accurate evaluation of iodine consumption of Koreans can be made by measuring the urinary iodine excretion of people living in representative areas. The data about average iodine excretions by region, sex and age were gathered in order to suggest as a factor the criteria on the progress or prognosis of thyroid disease patients. This study was conducted on 3,000 subjects (2,000 Younggwang-gun residents and 1,000 Muan-gun residents) between July 2004 and August 2005. The data sampling was done based on stratified random sampling and the data were analyzed according to age (the subjects were divided into age groups, five years each) and sex of the subjects. Of the 3,000 subjects, a total of 1,592 people (1,174 in Younggwang-gun and 418 in Muan-gun) participated in this study, which used ISE (iodine ion selective electrode) to measure the concentration of iodine in urine. The 1,592 subjects are composed of 732 males and 860 females. The average urinary iodine excretion was $3.10{\pm}1.75mg/L$ (0.31~15.2 mg/L). The average iodine excretion of males was $3.09{\pm}1.61mg/L$ (0.42~15.2 mg/L) while it was $3.11{\pm}1.86mg/L$ (0.31~12.5 mg/L) among females, which represents no significant difference between males and females. However, the values were significantly higher than those of Europeans and Americans. There were statistically significant differences among the regions. When the data were analyzed according to age, females in their 40s were found to have a little less urinary iodine excretion and males had less and less iodine excretion as they get older. These results are deemed to have a statistically significant difference. This study was conducted on a large number of people (N=1,592) for the first time in Korea. If the data collected through this study can be regarded as the average urinary iodine excretion of Koreans, it is possible to conclude that the average iodine consumptions of Koreans are a lot more than Europeans and Americans. Thus, the effect of much iodine consumption should be studied further.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1329-1334
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• 2011

The Hinai-dori is a breed of chicken native to Akita Prefecture, Japan. An $F_2$ resource population produced by crossing low- and high-growth lines of the Hinai-dori breed was analyzed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth traits. Highly significant QTLs for body weight at 10 and 14 weeks of age and average daily gain between 4 and 10 weeks and between 10 and 14 weeks of age were accordingly mapped in a common region between ADL0198 and ABR0287 on chromosome 1 and between MCW0240 and ABR0622 on chromosome 4, respectively. A significant QTL for body weight at 4 weeks of age and a significant QTL for average daily gain between 0 and 4 weeks of age were mapped for the first time to the same region flanking ABR0204 and ABR0284 on chromosome 1. These QTLs are good candidates for application in the development of marker-assisted selection strategies for increasing growth efficiencies in the Hinai-dori breed and native breeds of chickens in Asia.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 2006

Purpose: To study prognostic factors of unilateral calcaneus fracture underwent surgery. Materials and Methods: We selected appropriate 60 cases of 236 calcaneus fracture cases between March 1985 and March 2004, and analyzed the correlation between sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, Essex-Lopresti classification of calcaneus fracture, preoperative Bohler angle, postoperative Bohler angle, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), P.S. Kerr's Calcaneal Fracture Score (CFSS). The average age was 41.4 and average follow up period was 74 (12 to 240) months. Results: For follow up period, average VAS is 3.43 and CFSS is 81.23. The sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, and preoperative, postoperative, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle had no correlation with the prognosis. But the Essex-Lopresti classification of calcaneus fracture, tongue type had better prognosis than joint depression type (VAS : p=0.041, CFSS : p=0.021). Conclusion: In unilateral calcaneus fracture, the sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, preoperative Bohler angle, postoperative Bohler angle, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle had no correlation with the prognosis of fracture, but in Essex-Lopresti classification, the tongue type fracture had better prognosis than the joint depression type.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.3 s.205
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• pp.27-43
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the drinking behaviors and drinking problems of adult, mentally retarded persons over 18 years old. It was also investigated whether gender, age, and pattern of employment create different result of drinking behaviors and drinking problems, and the variables explaining drinking problems were analyzed. One hundred forty adults, mentally retarded persons were surveyed in Seoul and KyeongGi area. The major findings were as follows; The majority of respondents ($58.2\%$) reported that they had consumed alcohol beverages sometimes prior to their having been interviewed. The average age of respondents who had consumed alcohol was 26.4 years and average age of first-use of alcohol was 22 years. For consumption frequency, $39.2\%$ of respondents reported that they drink alcohol once a month. Average alcohol consumption per occasion was 1.5 cups, and $10.9\%$ of respondents answered more than 5 cups per occasion. Regarding problems associated with drinking, $16\%$ of respondent of AUDIT and $51.4\%$ of Family CAGE answered that their children have drinking-related problems. Men drink more than women and experience more alcohol problems. Supervised employment group was the group with the greatest prevalence for drinking. For the amount of drinking, gender and employment pattern showed significant differences. Drinking problems (AUDIT and Family CAGE) of adult, mentally retarded persons were influenced by age of first-use of alcohol, frequency of alcohol use, and alcohol consumption.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.533-546
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• 2008

This study aims on observing the recognition and attitude of caring for outer appearance by deducing the factors of men caring for their outer appearance at current point where male position is being emphasized in the appearance related market and their interest for outer appearance care is increasing. As a result of conducting a survey, male appearance caring behavior was distinguished into fashion, skin and cosmetic, cosmetic surgery, physical image, and hair factors, and among them, physical image factor showed the highest average, which proves that men generally have positive attitude towards caring for their looks. Concerning skin and cosmetics, the results show that interest is high regardless of age and occupation, and the lower the age is, the higher average for fashion, cosmetic surgery, and hair factors, proving that young men have more interest for caring after their looks. However, there was difference in outer appearance caring behavior pursued or favored by each age bracket according to the higher average for physical image in the age bracket higher than 30. Also, each factor of outer appearance caring behavior turned out to have significant correlation to each other.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to show the corelation between age-related muscular mass and the change of exercise, muscle mass and muscular strength by comparison of muscle strength. Methods : 39 volunteers of all the patients who come to Dangjin health center between May and June in 2009 were classified as group A and group B according to age. Demographic data of these two groups have been done a comparative analysis, using the t-test procedure and linear regression analysis. Results : The results and summarized as follows. 1. Demographic data of these two groups have been done a comparative analysis, using the t-test procedure. As a result the average exercise and the average pulse have a statistically significant difference according to age. 2. Each of average fat, muscle and muscular strength in these two groups have been done a omparative analysis, using the t-test procedure. As a result there is no statistically significant according to age. 3. According to the result analyzed by using linear regression analysis, age have a negative effect on muscle but there is no statistically meaningful. Exercising have a positive effect on muscle and there is statistically significant. 4. Age and Protein diet have a negative effect on Grip strength but there is no statistically significant Conclusions : From this result, it can be assumed that the amount of exercise is decreasing with age, which leads to lose some muscle mass.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the association between hair mineral levels and nutrient intakes, age, and BMI in female adults who visited a woman's clinic located in Seoul. Dietary intakes were assessed by food frequency questionnaire and mineral levels were measured in collected hairs, and the relationship between these was examined. The average daily nutrient intakes of subjects were compared to those of the KDRIs, and the energy intake status was fair. The average intake of calcium in women of 50 years and over was 91.35% of KDRls and the potassium intake was greatly below the recommended levels in all age groups. In the average hair mineral contents in subjects, calcium and copper exceeded far more than the reference range while selenium was very low with 85.19% of subjects being lower than the reference value. In addition, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese in the hair were below the reference ranges in over 15% of subjects. The concentrations of sodium, chromium, sulfur, and cadmium in the hair showed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with age, but the hair zinc level showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with age. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, chromium, and cadmium in the hair showed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with BMI. Some mineral levels in subjects of this study showed significant correlations with nutrient intakes, but it seems that the hair mineral content is not directly influenced by each mineral intake. As described above, some hair mineral levels in female adults deviated from the normal range, and it is considered that nutritional intervention to control the imbalance of mineral nutrition is required. Also, as some correlations were shown between hair mineral levels and age, BMI, and nutrient intakes, the possibility of utilizing hair mineral analysis for specific purposes in the future is suggested.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance and necessity of the government's old-age preparation service by measuring the economic value of the old-age service and the policy direction and policy implications of the government's old-age preparation service project. Methods: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used as an analytical method. CV methodology was used to calculate the Willingness to pay (WTP) for old-age preparation service and its value was estimated and the economic benefit of the project was estimated. Results: As a result of the analysis, the average monthly payment amount for the old service was calculated as 5,100 won, and the annual average payment amount was estimated to be 61,197.1 won. Conclusion: The present value of the benefit for 10 years with the discount rate of 5.5% is 484,651 won. Based on the value of peruser benefit, the total benefit value calculation result of the old-age preparation service considering the Willingness to pay for the next 10 years shows that the total benefit value of the old service, which occurs during the period from 2016 to 2025(10 years) was estimated at 415.1 billion won. As a result of calculating the benefit for each scenario, the present value of basic service is higher in all scenarios than the linked service.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Ryodoraku Score in the children who visited department of pediatrics, hospital of Korean medicine with allergic rhinitis as the chief complaint. Methods Subjects were 80 children with allergic rhinitis. We calculated the average Ryodoraku Score (RS, ${\mu}A$), and compared the average of each meridian system. And we classified the children by several groups (depending on age, additional allergic disease), and accomplished a comparative analysis. Results 1. The average of Ryodoraku Score in 80 children was $76.36{\pm}22.72$. 2. The figure of H3 (心), H5 (三焦), F1 (脾), F2 (肝), F3 (腎), F4 (膀胱), F5 (三焦), F6 (胃) had significant statistical differences compared to the total average. 3. Comparing the group having only allergic rhinitis to group having allergic rhinitis and other allergic disease, showed significant statistical difference in H2 (心包), H3 (心). 4. Analyzed by age, there's a significant statistical difference in F1 (脾), F4 (膀胱). Conclusion We found that H5 (三焦), F1 (脾), F4 (膀胱) showed significant statistical difference in Ryodoraku Score, and F1 (脾) had the highest relevance. The research indicate meaningful difference depending on age, additional allergic disease.