• 지능정보연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.159-185
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• 2016

여행을 계획하는 일은 매우 복잡하고 많은 시간을 필요로 한다. 여행 계획을 정할 때에는 보통 관심 지점(point of interests, POIs)을 선택하고 그에 따른 다양한 제약 조건들을 고려하여 일정을 계획 한다. 관심 지점을 선정할 때 친구들에게 의견을 묻거나 인터넷에서 직접 정보를 찾으며 여행사의 도움을 받기도 한다. 하지만 이러한 방법들은 다음과 같은 어려움이 있다. 친구들에게 의견을 묻는 경우에는 친구들이 방문해 보지 못한 장소에 대한 정보를 얻기 어렵고 인터넷에서 정보를 찾는 경우에는 오히려 너무 많은 여행 정보들 때문에 필요한 정보를 탐색하고 정리하는데 많은 시간이 필요하며 여행사의 도움을 받을 때에는 여행 일정이 여행을 제공해주는 업체들 쪽으로 편중될 우려가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 여행 일정 계획 시스템인 CYTRIP을 제안한다. CYTRIP은 웹 기반의 추천 시스템으로써, 여행 정보를 공유할 수 있는 공간을 제공하고, 이를 통해 참여자들의 집단 지성에 따른 관심 지점을 추천 받는다. 그리고 PDDL3를 통해 추천된 지점들의 시간적, 공간적 제약조건 따라 여행 일정이 자동으로 생성되며 이렇게 생성된 일정은 지도 위에 표시되어 사용자에게 제공된다. 여행을 계획할 때에 정해진 기간 동안 모든 추천 관심지점을 방문할 수 없는 경우가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 피하기 위해 정해진 시간에 방문 가능한 관심 지점들의 후보 집합을 선택하고 이 후보 집합들에 대한 여행 일정을 생성한다. 제안하는 시스템의 성능평가를 위해 사용자 평가를 실시하였다. 사용자 평가를 위해 한국관광공사에서 제공하는 데이터를 활용하였고 평가 결과 제안하는 시스템이 여러 참여자들의 집단 지성을 통해 여행 일정을 계획하는데 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1143-1149
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• 2023

Objective: We investigated the effects of outdoor access for 1 h per day on the animal welfare (AW) of tethered cows, in terms of lying and sleeping postures, and immune function. Methods: A total of five dry cows were tethered all day indoors (tethering) for 30 days and then tethered indoors with 1 h daily outdoor access (ODA-1h) for 30 days. To analyze the effects of ODA-1h, we calculated the total duration and bout frequency per day, and bout duration of lying and sleeping postures during the last five days of each treatment period. We also analyzed the populations of T cells, B cells, and NK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and determined the concanavalin A (Con A) -induced proliferation rate of T cells. Results: The mean total time per day of lying during the ODA-1h treatment was significantly shorter than that during the tethering treatment (p<0.001). The Con A-induced proliferation rate of T cells during the ODA-1h treatment was significantly higher than that during the tethering treatment (p = 0.007). The proportion of NK cells in PBMC during the ODA-1h treatment tended to be higher than that during the tethering treatment (p = 0.062). Conclusion: Although ODA-1h may decrease lying time, it increases the available space for tethered cows towards that typically found in grazing and free barn feeding systems. This increased available space promotes the expression of normal behaviors such as walking and social behaviors except lying and may also improve the immune function of tethered dry cows, thereby improving their overall welfare.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.193-202
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diverse dietary Ca levels and to determine whether bone mineral metabolism is influenced by the arnount of dietary Ca when given a choice of diets containing various levels of Ca. Forty Hy-line brown laying hens housed in separate cages were fed self-selected Ca diets. Birds were allowed a 7-day adaptation period followed by an 8-day collection period. Feed and water were available for ad libitum consumption. Eggs and excreta were collected at 6-h intervals during the day for mineral analysis. The Ca contents in excreta and retained Ca in the body on egg forming day were proportional to the amount of daily Ca intake. The retained Ca in the body were 0.97 g in control and 1.24~1.74 g in self-selected groups, respectively. Daily Ca contents (%) in tibial cortex were not consistent with feeding time intervals. The Ca content in tibial medulla in control group was lower than those of self-selected feeding groups(P<.05). The medullary Ca content in all treatment groups increased from 10:00 to 16:00 in a day. Ca content in plasma was low between 10:00 and 16:00 and was high between 22:00 and 04:00 in the following day.

• 아동학회지
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• 제2권
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• pp.83-103
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• 1981

1. Outline of the Study A boom of baby hotels is taking place in Japan. Baby hotel means day care centers that renders services day and night for babies of working mothers. These baby hotels are thriving because many mothers welcome the system because of their needs. However, accidents occurred in a row recently and therefore baby hotel has suddenly become a social issue. According to the ministry of health welfare, there are 587 baby hotels in Japan accommodating about 10,000 children and they are mostly located around amusement centers. The reasons that these baby hotels thrive in spite of the fact that there are 22,000 day care centers in Japan are : (1) shortage of day care centers compared to the needs (2) most centers do not take in babies below 1 year. This study aims to describe the present status of the baby hotels and the background of the phenomena that made it possible for them to thrive with no permission from the government. This study mostly deals with the phenomena in Tokyo. 2. Day Care Policy in Japan and the Problems of Baby Hotels The present review deals with the problems from the following 6 dementions. (1) the shortage of day care centers (2) inadequate system for the care of babies (3) inadequate daily hours of day care centers (4) Unflexable enrollment system of day care centers (5) imperfect enfollment process & guidelines (6) lack of alternative institutions 3. Result The Ministry of Health & Welfare affered the following ways to cape with the problems of baby hotels : (1) restraint of the baby hotels (2) utilization of existing day care centers for the care of babies. In my opinion, these suggestions seem too superficial in solving the problems. I would rather suggest that the Japanese government review the whole system of child welfare administration. The Child welfare Law of Japan made a clear statement in its article 24 that, "if day care centers are not available, alternative institution for proper care of children must be sought for." My suggestions for the alternative care are : (1) public nursing rooms (2) family day care (3) extention of kindergarten hours (4) foster family care.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Day care center for the elderly is an alternative for community care for frail elderly who need social participation and physical cares and services outside the family. The purpose of this study was to identify the present situation of day care center for the elderly and to suggest desirable interior space plans for elderly day care center. Data were collected by two ways; a mail survey and case studies of existing day care centers. Five cases of day care centers were analyzed to find out Physical and space problems, available programs and services. Also, the staffs in 96 day care centers for the elderly in nationwide were selected for a mail survey and 68.8 percentage of all was collected and analyzed. From the result of case studies, narrow space and lack of accessibility features for wheelchair or other prosthetic devices were the major problems. From the result of a mail survey analysis, the elderly users were over 73 years old, and high proportion had suffered from dementia and apoplexy Also, staffing ration was 1:7 In other words, one staff was caring of 7 old people, and supporting staff was insufficient. Therefore, supportive, therapeutic environment Was more important issue to improve quality of care. Separate program room and outdoor space, lounging space, treatment room by gardening, separate counselling room, bedroom, a simple kitchen unit, staff office, separate physical treatment room, resting room for staff was indicated more necessarily. When priority of planning interior space was safety followed by accessability and convenience, it was also reported that sire of each room was generally narrow. The most serious problem in interior space was the lack and narrowness of space, and accessible features for mobility. Based on the literature review and the findings of this study, two types of floor plans for elderly day care center were suggested;‘a mixed type for the elderly with and without dementia’and‘a separate type for the elderly with dementia.’The main goals for designing interior space for two types of elderly day care center were to provide safe environment, encouraging environment for remaining abilities of users, sanitary environment, therapeutic environment, familiar environment, and socially-encouraging environment. The recommendations for further studies were suggested.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.107-110
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• 2000

Theophylline and $\beta$-adrenergic agonists are frequently used together in patients with respiratory diseases. However the clinical impact of $\beta_2$-adrenergic agonists on the blood concentration of theophylline is not fully evaluated. Formoterol, a newly available oral ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic agonist is frequently used in pediatric respiratory patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oral formoterol on theophylline's blood concentration. Randomized prospective study was conducted. Twenty-four children were enrolled on the study. Their age ranged 2 to 73 months (mean 35.8 months). Theophylline group (12 patients) received 10 mg/kg/day of for theophylline orally. Theophylline/formoterol group (12 patients) received 10 mg/kg/day of theophylline and $4\;{\mu}g/kg/day$ of formoterol orally. All medications were administered at least for 5 days starting on admission day. Theophylline's trough concentrations were obtained on days 3 and day 5. Pulse rates were recorded before the study medications were given on admission, and days 3 and day 5. Statistical significance was calculated by two-tailed Student's t-test. Theophylline's levels in children given theophylline and formoterol together were lower an those given theophylline alone ($6.38\pm0.90\;{\mu}g/ml\;vs\;7.43\pm0.77\;{\mu}g/ml$ on day 3(p<0.05), $5.62\pm0.56\;{\mu}g/ml\;vs.\;6.78\pm0.61\;{\mu}g/ml$ on day 5 (p<0.05)). In both groups, theophylline's trough concentration on day 5 were lower than day 3. There was no significant side effects in both groups. In conclusion, the new ${\beta}_2$ selective adrenergic agonist formoterol reduced serum theophylline levels in children with respiratory diseases. Further investigation is needed to clarify the long term effect of this drug interaction.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1980

Natural-air drying systems have been extensively used for cereal grains, and many researches on the systems have been conducted in foreign countries. However, little research on drying rough rice with natural air has been done. Especially . little research on natural air drying of rough rice based on weather data has been done in Korean. The objective of this study was to present fundamental data for estimating optimum requirements and basic information available for natural air drying of rough rice based on the weather data . The weather data analyzed in this study were the 10-year (1969 to 1978) record of air temperatures, wet-bulb temperatures and relative humidities, which were three-hourly observations in Taegu area. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1 From the results of weather data analysis the average air temperature was about $14.8^\circ$and the average relative humidty 67.5% . Average equilibrium moisture content appeared to be 13.8 percent on wet basis, which showed great potential for natural air drying in Taegue area in October. 2. Possible fan operation time based on the equilibrium moisture content of 15% on wet basis was about 14 hours a day during October in Taegu area. Probabilities of possible drying days based on minimum time available for drying in a day were analyzed. 3. Minimum air flow requirements based on the worst year were determined for different fan operation methods and initial moisture contents.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.26-29
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• 2005

In order to compute cloud coverage statistics over Asian region, an operational scheme for masking cloud-contaminated pixels in Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime data was developed, evaluated and presented. Dynamic thresholding was used with channell, 2 and 3 to automatically create a cloud mask for a single image. Then the IO-day cloud coverage imagery was generated over the whole Asian region along with cloud-free composite imagery. Finally the monthly based statistics were computed based on the derived cloud coverage imagery in terms of land cover and country. As a result, it was found that 20-day is required to acquire the cloud free data over the whole Asia using NOAA AVHRR. The to-day cloud coverage and cloud-free composite imagery derived in this research is available via the web-site http://webpanda.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/CloudCover/.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.580-586
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• 2000

Data collected between 1981 and 1991 at the Philippine Carabao Center at Central Luzon State University (PCC-CLSU) were used for the comparison of growth, milk yield and draughtability of Murrah-Philippine crossbred and Philippine native buffaloes. Body weights and body measurements were available at 3-month intervals from birth to 36 months of age for a total of 34 $Murrah{\times}Philippine$ native buffalo F1 crossbreds (CBB; 21 cows, 13 bulls) and 32 Philippine native buffaloes (PNB; 16 cows, 16 bulls). Lactation records were available for 14 CBB and 19 PNB cows. Data for draughtability under wet and dry ploughing conditions were available for 4 CBB and 4 PNB steers. The results indicate that crossbreds grow faster (0-9 months of age: cows $442{\pm}19$ vs. $301{\pm}21g/day$, bulls $305{\pm}23$ vs. $296{\pm}21g/day$; 9-36 months of age: cows $227{\pm}10$ vs. $147{\pm}12g/day$, bulls $282{\pm}13$ vs. $138{\pm}12g/day$), mature earlier and produce more milk (1st lactation: $1139{\pm}153$ vs. $450{\pm}112kg$; 2nd lactation: $1115{\pm}132$ vs. $488{\pm}136kg$) than native buffaloes, but have a poorer draughtability (wet ploughing; force as % of body weight $8.8{\pm}0.2$ vs. $12.2{\pm}0.6$; dry ploughing: cut depth $10.98{\pm}0.25$ vs. $11.92{\pm}0.13cm$, velocity $0.50{\pm}0.03$ vs. $0.60{\pm}0.02m/sec$, force as % of body weight $9.0{\pm}0.6$ vs. $11.3{\pm}0.7$). The correlation coefficients between body weight and body measurements at birth and at 3-month intervals indicate that heart girth has a relatively high correlation with body weight, especially in crossbreds. It is concluded that in Philippine smallholder farming systems in which meat and milk production are secondary to draught power, the native buffalo is preferable from the point of view of input needed to maintain the number of animals kept for a required draught force.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

옛날에는 인력(人力)으로 수로(水路)를 만들었으나 기계(機械)의 발달(發達) 및 임금(賃金)의 상승(上昇)에 따라 기계화(機械化) 시공(施工)이 경제적(經濟的)으로 유리(有利)하게 되었으며 앞으로 이런 현상은 더욱 가속(加速)될 것이다. 수로(水路)의 기계시공(機械施工)은 굴착, 정리(整理), 포장(鋪裝)으로 나누어지며 굴착은 수로(水路)의 단면(斷面)을 대략적인 형태(形態)로 만드는 것이고 정리(整理)는 포장(鋪裝)을 할수 있게 .수로(水路)의 사면(斜面)과 바닥을 정확한 모양으로 다듬는 것이다. 정리(整理)의 정밀도(精密度)에 따라 포장용(鋪裝用) 재료(材料)의 양(量)이 크게 좌우(左右)된다. 자동정리기(自動整理機)는 종래의 것이 $20{\sim}40mm$의 표면(表面) 요철(凹凸)이 생기게 하나 현재(現在)는 ${\pm}6mm$의 정도(程度)까지 가능(可能)하다. 현재(現在)의 자동기계(自動機械)는 1인(人)의 운전원(運轉員)이 1일(日) $1,000{\sim}2,000m^3$까지 굴착 정리(整理)를 할수 있다. 콘크리트 포장(鋪裝)은 인력(人力)비빔으로 할때 1일(日) $2m^3/day$의 양(量)도 어렵고 로타리 믹서를 써도 $20m^3/day$ 정도(程度)이나 콘크리트 뱃치 푸랜트로 하면 $100{\sim}500m^3\day$가 가능하다. 그러나 대형(大型) 포장기(鋪裝機)를 사용(使用)하면 1일(日) 대형(大型) 수로(水路) $300{\sim}1,000m$를 포장(鋪裝)할수 있다. 수로(水路)의 기계시공(機械施工)은 콘크리트 포장(鋪裝) 두께를 균일(均一)하게 하므로써 콘크리트 비용(費用)을 최대(最大)로 절감(節減)하며 포장(鋪裝)의 품질(品質)을 좋게한다. 수로(水路)의 기계시공외(機械施工外)에도 많은 새로운 기계(機械)들이 사용(使用)되고 있으며 이러한 기계(機械)의 활용(活用)이 기술발전(技術發展)에 크게 기여하게 될 것이다.