• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2024

The continuous increase in urban population due to migration of mases from rural areas to big cities has set urban water supply under serious stress. Urban water resources face scarcity of available water quantity, which ultimately effects the water supply. It is high time to address this challenging problem by taking appropriate measures for the improvement of water utility services linked with better understanding of demand side management (DSM), which leads to an effective state of water supply governance. We propose a dynamic framework for preventive DSM that results in optimization of water resource management. This paper uses Agent Based Modeling (ABM) with Digital Twin (DT) to model water consumption behavior of a population and consequently forecast water demand. DT creates a digital clone of the system using physical model, sensors, and data analytics to integrate multi-physical quantities. By doing so, the proposed model replicates the physical settings to perform the remote monitoring and controlling jobs on the digital format, whilst offering support in decision making to the relevant authorities.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.230-235
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• 1993

제주도(濟州道)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 18~30년생(年生) 삼나무 임분(林分)(11개소(個所))의 표층토(表層土)를 이용(利用)하여 각형웅별(各形熊別)(수용성(水溶性), 치환성(置換性), 비치환태(非置換態)) K의 공급력(供給力)과 임지생산력(林地生産力)과의 상호관계(相互關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)해 수행(遂行)한 연구결과(硏究結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 0.01N-HCl 연속추출법(連續抽出法)에 의(依)한 지위별(地位別) 유효태(有效態) K적산량(積算量)은 지위(地位) 상(上), 지위(地位) 하(下)의 토양(土壤)에서 각각 0.6, 0.4me/100g 전후(前後)의 값을 나타냈다. 2. 0.01N-HCl 유하량(流下量) $6{\ell}$까지의 유효태(有效態) K 적산량(積算量)에 대(對)한 $1{\ell}$째의 K 추출량(抽出量)의 비율(比率)은 지위(地位) 상(上), 하(下) 모두 80%이상 추출(抽出)되어 화산회(火山灰) 토양(土壤)이 가지는 약(弱)한 K 흡착력(吸着力)의 특징(特徵)을 보였다. 3. 공시토양(供試土壤)의 대부분(大部分)이 지위(地位)에 관계(關係)없이 치환성(置換性) K과 수용성(水溶性) K에서는 같은 값을 보였으며, 치환성(置換性) K과 유효태(有效態) K 간(間)에는 지위(地位) 하(下)의 토양(土壤)에서는 같은 값을 보이고 있지만, 지위(地位) 상(上)의 토양(土壤)에서는 유효태(有效態) K가 치환성(置換性) K보다 높은 값을 나타내어 토양(土壤)의 K 공급력(供給力)이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 4. 유효태(有效態) K과 치환성(置換性) Ca($0.83^{**}$) 및 치환성(置換性) Mg($0.84^{**}$) 간(間)에 모두 1% 수준(水準)의 높은 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.643-650
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• 2005

In order to treat leachate from aged landfill site effectively, removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and denitrification efficiency were evaluated through the combination of $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process and UASB process. The results can be summarized as follows. In case of leachate having low COD/N ratio from aged landfill site, it is possible to increase available COD for denitrification in nitrate utilizing denitrification and nitrite utilizing denitrification both by enhancing biodegradability of recalcitrant organic matter as applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP to pretreatment process. In this experiment, it is found that available COD for denitrification can be increased to 1.0 and 0.4 g/day, respectively. Comparison has been made between requiring COD and available COD for denitrification in each experimental stages. It is expected that high rate of denitrification can be achieved with leachate from young landfill site because higher amount of available COD for denotrification is present in the leachate than the amount of requiring COD for denitrification. Especially, In leachate from aged landfill site with low COD/N ratio, it can be concluded that denitrification using nitrite nitrogen can enhance overall denitrification performance efficiently because denitrification using nitrite nitrogen requires less amount of carbon source than denitrification using nitrate nitrogen. Comparing the biogas production rate and nitrogen content of biogas under the condition of same amount of nitrate and nitrite addition, biogas production and nitrogen content of biogas are increased during denitrification after $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process. Therefore, it can be confirmed that COD/N ratio in the leachate is increased. Applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP as pretreatment system of landfill leachate seems to have little economic benefit because it requires additional carbon source to denitrify ammonia nitrogen in leachate coming from aged landfill site. However, it is possible to apply this pretreatment process to leachate from old landfill site in view of AOP process can achieve removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and increase of available COD for denitrification simultaneously.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.282-288
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• 1985

산성황산염토양(酸性黃酸鹽土壤)에서 담수시(湛水時) 석회(石灰) 처리량(處理量)과 온도(溫度) 조건(條件)에 따른 유효인산(有效燐酸)과 규산(珪酸)의 변화양상(變化樣相)과 함께 토양산도(土壤酸度)와 여러가지 화학성분(化學成分)과의 상관관계(相關關係)를 구명(究明)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 담수조건(湛水條件)은 토양(土壤)의 pH, 유효인산(有效燐酸) 유효규산(有效珪酸), 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素), 제일철(第一鐵)의 증가(增加)와 알루미늄, 유효(有效)망간, 수용성(水溶性) 유황(硫黃)의 감소(減少)를 보였다. 2. 석회처리(石灰處理)는 토양(土壤)의 pH, 유효인산(有效燐酸), 유효규산(有效珪酸), 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素), 수용성(水溶性) 유황(硫黃)의 증가(增加)와 알루미늄, 제일철(第一鐵), 유효(有效)망간의 감소(減少)를 보였다. 3. 석회(石灰) 12me/100gr 처리(處理)에서 pH 6.5 내외(內外)를 유지(維持)하였을 뿐만아니라 유효인산(有效燐酸), 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)의 증가(增加)와 알루미늄, 제일철(第一鐵)의 감소(減少)에도 효과(效果)가 컸다. 4. 온도간(溫度間)에는 $25^{\circ}C$보다 $35^{\circ}C$항온구(恒溫區)에서 유효인산(有效燐酸), 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素), 그리고 환원태(還元態)인 제일철(第一鐵)의 생성(生成)이 많았다. 5. 담수기간(湛水期間) pH는 유효규산(有效珪酸)과 고도(高度)의 정상관(正相關)이 있었으며, 알루미늄, 제일철(第一鐵), 유효(有效)망간과는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였다.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2007년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.163-167
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• 2007

For numerical analysis of a tidal flow, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed by solving the nonlinear shallow-water equations. The governing equations are discretized explicitly with a finite difference leap-frog scheme and a first-order upwind scheme on adaptive hierarchical quadtree grids. The developed model is verified by applying to prediction of tidal behaviors. The calculated tidal levels are compared to available field measurements. A very reasonable agreement is observed.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1994

The study of lake pollution problems is often related to the dynamic behavior of phosphorus. Several phosphorus models are available that may be suitable to study these problems. Depending on the the management objectives and data availability, some models may be more appropriate than others. Criteria are defined to help modelers choose the most appropriate total phosphorus models for different lakes. These criteria consider in-lake processes such as sediment feedback, stratification, and algal uptake and recycle.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1997년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.456-461
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• 1997

The purpose of this experimental study are to produce a durable concrete and to investigate the various factors that can deteriorate the concrete when freezing and thawing activity. Among the various factors that can influence the frost resistance of concrete, this study examined mainly the relationship of the frost resistance with the water-cement ratio, admixture and admixture replacement ratio and propose the available water-cement ratio, admixture and admixture replacement ratio.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2020

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2015

This study was conducted to provide the preliminary data on preparation for policy decisions regarding the groundwater supply scheme for N. Korea vulnerable to drought. Agricultural activities oriented to upland field due to the mountainous terrain more than 79% as well as the diversity of rainfall distribution over the country make more vulnerable to structural problems in the drought in N. Korea. Therefore, in anticipation of the expansion of exchange policies in agricultural sector, the available amount of groundwater needed for sustainable water resources supply was estimated for each administrative district after analyzing alluvium and hydrogeology distribution in N. Korea. Overall, the available amount of groundwater was estimated to 22.3 billion m³ (0.18 million m³/km²). The available amount of groundwater per unit area in Ryanggangdo and Gaesungsi was appeared very high in each of 0.56 and 0.39 million m³/km², respectively, and it would be interpreted that two districts have relatively wide area of volcanic rocks and alluvium with highly permeable characteristics, respectively. Finally, to maximize the utilization of this study result, the available amount of groundwater distribution map was developed on the basis of the 1 × 1 km grid network over the entire N. Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1729-1737
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• 2007

A CRD experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different exogenous betaine levels (0.000, 0.075, 0.150 and 0.225 percent) on 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) under water salinity stress. Different levels of water salinity were made by adding 3 levels of NaCl (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L) to drinking water. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Betaine increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, and decreased packed cell volume (p<0.05). Water salinity promoted body weight over the whole period, increased feed intake (11 to 21 and 29 to 42-d) and also improved feed conversion ratio in grower and finisher periods (p<0.01). Breast weight, water consumption (28-d and 42-d) and excreta moisture (28-d) were increased by elevating the level of water salinity (p<0.01). Interaction between dietary betaine and water salinity was significant on plasma osmolarity as well as epithelial osmolarity of the duodenum at 28-d. Epithelial osmolarity was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The data imply that betaine is involved in the protection of intestinal epithelia against osmotic disturbance which can be caused by saline water, but further research is needed to investigate the effects of betaine with higher levels of water salinity.