• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2023

Establishing a ship's passage plan is an essential step before it starts to sail. The research related to the automatic generation of ship passage plans is attracting attention because of the development of maritime autonomous surface ships. In coastal water navigation, the land, islands, and navigation rules need to be considered. From the path planning algorithm's perspective, a ship's passage planning is a global path-planning problem. Because conventional global path-planning methods such as Dijkstra and A^* are time-consuming owing to the processes such as environmental modeling, it is difficult to modify a ship's passage plan during a voyage. Therefore, the D^* algorithm was used to address these problems. The starting point was near Busan New Port, and the destination was Ulsan Port. The navigable area was designated based on a combination of the ship trajectory data and grid in the target area. The initial path plan generated using the D^* algorithm was analyzed with 33 waypoints and a total distance of 113.946 km. The final path plan was simplified using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. It was analyzed with a total distance of 110.156 km and 10 waypoints. This is approximately 3.05% less than the total distance of the initial passage plan of the ship. This study demonstrated the feasibility of automatically generating a path plan in coastal navigation for maritime autonomous surface ships using the D^* algorithm. Using the shortest distance-based path planning algorithm, the ship's fuel consumption and sailing time can be minimized.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.628-638
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• 2023

자율운항선박 기술은 점차 발전하고 있다. 하지만 완전 자율운항선박이 등장하기 전까지는 원격운영센터에서 원격운영자가 제어하는 형태를 가지게 될 것이다. 그러나 현재 그들의 면허체계는 국내외적으로 정해지지 않았다. 역량이 검증되지 않은 원격운영자의 등장은 항행 안전에 위험이 될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 문헌 연구를 통해 원격운영자의 면허체계를 위해 고려해야 할 평가기준과 국내 해기사 면허체계 내에서 수립할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고 AHP를 활용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 원격운영자의 면허체계를 위해서는 우선적으로 법률제정이 필요하고 선박직원법 제4조 해기사 면허의 직종에 원격운영자의 직종을 추가하는 방안이 가장 선호되었다. 이에 따라 원격운영센터의 조직구성도 기존 선박의 선교인적관리 조직과 유사하게 형성할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 자율운항선박의 인적 관리 측면에서 원격운영자의 효율적인 양성과 항행 안전에 이바지할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.482-490
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• 2023

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, many companies are developing Smart Ships to enable autonomous navigation, unmanned operation, and cost-effective shipping. In order to facilitate the operation of these Smart Ships, significant emphasis is being placed on improving external communication capabilities and developing autonomous navigation systems. Moreover, unmanned ship operation necessitates replacing of all visually observed conditions with sensors, leading to an inevitable increase in the number of sensors and actuators compared to traditional methods. However, in South Korea, the communication network for sensors and actuators primarily relies on the conventional 1:1 hardwired wiring, with the use of higher-level communication networks when necessary. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the AS-Interface protocol, which is used for monitoring and controlling sensors and actuators, with the expectation that it will greatly contribute to the development of future Smart Ships by reducing production time, costs, and maintenance duration.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2018

Geomagnetic field signals have potential for use in underwater navigation and geophysical surveys. To map underwater geomagnetic fields, we propose a method that exploits an autonomous surface vehicle. In our system, a magnetometer is rigidly attached to the vehicle and not towed by a cable, minimizing the system's size and complexity but requiring a dedicated calibration procedure due to magnetic distortion caused by the vehicle. Conventional 2D methods can be employed for the calibration by assuming the horizontal movement of the magnetometer, whereas the proposed 3D approach can correct for horizontal misalignment of the sensor. Our method does not require a supporting crane system to rotate the vehicle, and calibrates and maps simultaneously by exploiting data obtained from field operation. The proposed method has been verified experimentally in inland waters, generating a magnetic field map of the test area that is of much higher resolution than the public magnetic field data.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.198-203
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• 2004

This paper describes a real-time control architecture for DUSAUV (Dual Use Semi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), which has been developed at Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO), KORDI, for being a test-bed oj development of technologies for underwater navigation and manipulator operation. DUSAUV has three built-in computers, seven thrusters for 6 degree of freedom motion control, one 4-function electric manipulator, one pan/tilt unit for camera, one ballasting motor, built-in power source, and various sensors such as IMU, DVL, sonar, and so on. A supervisor control system for GUI and manipulator operation is mounted on the surface vessel and communicates with vehicle through a fiber optic link. Furthermore, QNX, one of real-time operating system, is ported on the built-in control and navigation computers of vehicle for real-time control purpose, while MicroSoft OS product is ported on the supervisor system for GUI programming convenience. A hierarchical control architecture which consist of three layers (application layer, real-time layer, and physical layer) has been developed for efficient control system of above complex underwater robotic system. The experimental results with implementation of the layered control architecture for various motion control of DUSAUV in a basin of KRISO is also provided.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.89-93
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• 2003

The Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), the ocean engineering branch of KORDI, has designed and manufactured a model of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to test underwater docking. This paper introduces the AUV model, ASUM, equipped with a visual servo control system to dock into an underwater station with a camera and motion sensors. To make a visual servoing AUV, this paper implemented the visual servo control system designed with an augmented state equation, which was composed of the optical flow model of a camera and the equation of the AUV's motion. The system design and the hardware configuration of ASUM are presented in this paper. A small long baseline acoustic positioning system was developed to monitor and record the AUV's position for the experiment in the Ocean Engineering Basin of KRISO, KORDI. ASUM recognizes the target position by processing the captured image for the lights, which are installed around the end of the cone-type entrance of the duct. Unfortunately, experiments are not yet conducted when we write this article. The authors will present the results for the docking test of the AUV in near future.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2022

The emergence of new concept ships, such as autonomous ships, has drawn much attention on the manoeuvrability of ships because of the safe navigation and operation of ships. Although the manoeuvrability of KRISO Container Ship(KCS) has been frequently reported, there have been few documents of representative manoeuvre cases conducted in various methods by one institute. This paper presents the manoeuvrability of the ship in 1/42.0 model scale by 3 methods: free running model tests, horizontal planar motion mechanism tests, and computational fluid dynamics analysis. KRISO reports KCS manoeuvre data: 35° turning circle tests and 20/20(10/10) zigzag manoeuvring tests. In addition, a simple formula for integrating and comparing manoeuvre indices, Manoeuvrability Comparing Simple Index(MCSI), is proposed.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.507-513
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• 2018

자율운항선박은 인간의 개입을 최소화하고, 선박에게 주어진 임무를 안전하게 수행하기 위해 운항에 필요한 다양한 정보를 자동으로 수집 관리하며, 선박이 스스로 판단하여 정해진 목적지까지 부분 또는 전체 항로를 자율적으로 운항하거나, 필요시 부분적으로 원격관제에 의해 운항을 가능하게 하는 선박운항기술을 말한다. 이러한 선박의 안전운항을 위해 선박에 탑재된 다양한 항해 통신장비 및 엔진, 기관 등의 각종 센서로 부터 신호를 수집 및 관리하기 위해서는 공통플랫폼 기술이 필요하다. 이 논문에서 제안하는 공통플랫폼은 스마트 선박 구현의 핵심으로 육상과 선박 간의 위성통신 또는 지상파 통신으로 연결된 통신 환경에서 실시간으로 원활한 정보 교환을 통해 육상의 관제국에서 모니터링과 원격관제를 지원하여 해상의 안전한 선박 운항을 가능하게 한다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.107-112
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• 2003

In general, the dynamics of autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs) are highly nonlinear and time-varying, and the hydrodynamic coefficients of vehicles are hard to estimate accurately because of the variations of these coefficients with different navigation conditions. For this reason, in this paper, the control gain function is assumed to be unknown and the exogenous input term is assumed to be unbounded, although it still satisfies certain restrict condition. And these two kinds of wild assumptions have been seldom handled simultaneously in one system because of the difficulty of stability analysis. Under the above two relaxed assumptions, a robust neural network control scheme is presented for autonomous diving control of an AUV, and can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are UUB (uniformly ultimately bounded). Some practical features of the proposed control law are also discussed.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

본 연구는 제4차 산업혁명 기술에 의해 선박의 자동화와 지능화가 진전되면서 자율운항선박이 도입되게 됨에 따라 해기사 인력수요축소와 직능 전환 등의 문제가 대두되는 상황에서 해기사의 직무변화와 이에 따른 요구 역량을 분석하고 이를 배양하기 위한 인력양성 방향을 제시하였다. 선행연구 검토와 전문가 집단의 브레인스토밍과 AHP 설문조사를 통해 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무와 역량 요인을 도출하고 그 중요도를 평가하였다. 해기사 승선 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무 중에서 안전 운항과 비상시 대응 그리고 화물의 안전운송 관련 직무요인이 중요한 것으로 나타났으며, 자율운항시스템의 제어 및 운용 역량의 중요성이 매우 높으며 이를 뒷받침하기 위한 육·해상 커뮤니케이션과 AI 및 Big Data 분석 역량이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 완전자율운항선박의 해기사 직무는 예상하지 못한 비상상황에 대비하여 선박을 안전하게 원격운항시키는 비상상황대처, 원격운항제어, 선박정비·관리 직무 순으로 중요도가 높으며, 해기사 역량에서는 자율운항시스템 제어와 운용 그리고 이를 수행하기 위한 Big Data 와 AI 활용 역량들의 중요도가 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다, 이러한 요인들의 직무역량 함양을 위한 해기인력 양성 방향과 규모는 기술의 진보에 따라 크게 달라질 수 있는 점을 고려하여 자율운항선박 도입단계별로 필요한 해기사 교육 프로그램과 직무교육 내용 그리고 핵심역량 함양을 위한 교육인프라 구축 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 자율운항선박의 해기사 직무 및 역량 요인을 실무적 관점에서 체계적으로 도출하였으며, 관련 전문가별 인식도를 분석함으로써 자율운항선박 도입에 대한 전문가 차원의 대응 방안을 진단하였다는데 연구의 의의가 있다.