• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.172-186
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• 2003

Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated efficacy in several clinical areas, and of these areas the understanding of pain has progressed immensely in the last two decades. The underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in general and the analgesic effect in particular are still not clearly delineated. The leading hypothesis include the effects of local stimulation, neuronal gating, release of endogenous opiates, and the placebo effect. Accumulating evidence suggests that the central nervous system(CNS) is essential for the processing of these effects, via its modulation of the autonomic nervous system, neuro-immune system, and hormonal regulation. These processes tap into basic survival mechanisms. As such, understanding the effects of acupuncture within a neuroscience-based framework becomes vital. We propose a model which incorporates the stress-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA-axis) model of Akil et al., the cholinergic anti-inflamatory observations of Tracey et al., and Petrovic et al.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1231-1241
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• 2015

In this study, we investigate the relationship between emotions and the physiological responses, with emotion recognition, using the proposed fuzzy information granulation-based neural network (FIGNN) for boredom, pain, and surprise emotions. For an analysis of the physiological responses, three emotions are induced through emotional stimuli, and the physiological signals are obtained from the evoked emotions. To recognize the emotions, we design an FIGNN recognizer and deal with the feature selection through an analysis of the physiological signals. The proposed method is accomplished in premise, consequence, and aggregation design phases. The premise phase takes information granulation using fuzzy c-means clustering, the consequence phase adopts a polynomial function, and the aggregation phase resorts to a general fuzzy inference. Experiments show that a suitable methodology and a substantial reduction of the feature space can be accomplished, and that the proposed FIGNN has a high recognition accuracy for the three emotions using physiological signals.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2001

The purpose oi this study is to identify clearly the physiologic significance of autonomic nervous system. This study is to find the loose of endogenous neurotransmitter while using the neural response of the neural excitatory action which is distributed to the perivascular smooth muscle through the electrical stimulation of the smooth muscle of coronary artery of pig. The effects of perivascular nerve stimulation were investigated on isolated coronary artery of pig.1 . The magnitude of contractile response to perivascular nerve stimulation increased with increasing frequency (2-80 Hz) of stimulation. 2. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz. 0.5msec, 1 min) were increased greatly by pretreatment of the cholinestrase inhibitor physostigmine. 3. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V,40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) was antagonised markedly by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. 4. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1 min) was blocked by the neural blocker tetrodotoxin. 5. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V. 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1 min) were not affected significantly by the -adrenergic antagonist phentolamine or - adrenergic antagonist propranolol. 6. The contractile response by the acetylcholine was increased by the pretreatment of cholinestrase inhibitor physostigmine. The finding suggest that it is powerful excitatory action linked to muscarinic receptor by cholinergic nerve in coronary artery of pig.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.253-264
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• 2024

Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a complex condition often arising from neural maladaptation after nerve injury. Understanding CNP complications involves the intricate interplay between brain-heart dynamics, assessed through quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, insights into their interaction in chronic pain are limited. Resting EEG and simultaneous electrocardiogram (lead II) of the participants were recorded for qEEG and HRV analysis. Correlations between HRV and qEEG parameters were calculated and compared with age, sex, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. CNP patients showed reduced HRV and significant increases in qEEG power spectral densities within delta, theta, and beta frequency ranges. A positive correlation was found between low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio in HRV analysis and theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands in qEEG among CNP patients. However, no significant correlation was observed between parasympathetic indices and theta, beta bands in qEEG within CNP group, unlike age, sex, and BMI-matched healthy controls. CNP patients display significant HRV reductions and distinctive qEEG patterns. While healthy controls exhibit significant correlations between parasympathetic HRV parameters and qEEG spectral densities, these relationships are diminished or absent in CNP individuals. LF/HF ratio, reflecting sympathovagal balance, correlates significantly with qEEG frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta), illuminating autonomic dysregulation in CNP. These findings emphasize the intricate brain-heart interplay in chronic pain, warranting further exploration.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2015

본 논문은 인지능력이 저하된 노인들에게 침과 뜸 요법을 시행하고 HRV 측정값을 통하여 그 효과를 분석한다. 인지능력이 저하되거나 상실된 사람들에게 자주 사용되었던 주요한 경혈을 고문헌에서 조사하였다. 인지능력이 저하된 노인들에게 침과 뜸을 시술한 후 HRV 측정기를 이용하여 여러 가지 변화를 측정하였다. 측정된 값들을 상호 비교하여 자율신경계와 심박동수의 변화에 침과 뜸이 어떤 영향을 주는지 효능을 측정하였다. 연구 결과 침과 뜸이 인지능력의 개선에 긍정적이 효과가 있다는 것을 HRV 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for temporary improvement of glabellar lines in patients 65 years and younger in 2002, and has also been used widely for aesthetic purposes such as hyperhidrosis, body shape contouring, and other noninvasive facial procedures. BoNT-A inhibits presynaptic exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing vesicles into the neuromuscular junction at cholinergic nerve endings of the peripheral nervous system, thereby paralyzing skeletal muscles. ACh is the most broadly used neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system, preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves, and preganglionic fibers or postganglionic sudomotor nerves of sympathetic nerves. The scientific basis for using BoNT-A in various cosmetic procedures is that its function goes beyond the dual role of muscle paralysis and neuromodulation by inhibiting the secretion of ACh. Although the major target organs for aesthetic procedures are facial expression muscles, skeletal body muscles, salivary glands, and sweat glands, which are innervated by the somatic or autonomic nerves of the peripheral cholinergic nerve system, few studies have attempted to directly explain the anatomy of the areas targeted for injection by addressing the neural physiology and rationale for specific aesthetic applications of BoNT-A therapy. In this article, we classify the various cosmetic uses of BoNT-A according to the relevant component of the peripheral nervous system, and describe scientific theories regarding the anatomy and physiology of the cholinergic nervous system. We also review critical physiological factors and conditions influencing the efficacy of BoNT-A for the rational aesthetic use of BoNT-A. We hope that this comprehensive review helps promote management policies to support long-term, safe, successful practice. Furthermore, based on this, we look forward to developing and expanding new advanced indications for the aesthetic use of BoNT-A in the future.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.805-817
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• 2009

This study was to investigate central localization of neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints(Wijung, $BL_{40}$) and neurons of immunoreactive to hormones and hormone receptors regulating urinary bladder function by using peudorabies virus(PRV). In this experiment, Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus was used in rats to trace central localization of urinary bladder-related neurons and urinary bladder-related acupoints($BL_{40}$) which can regulate urinary system. PRV was injected into the urinary bladder and acupoints($BL_{40}$) related urinary system. After six days survival of rats, mainly common labeled neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were identified in spinal cord, medulla, pons and diencephalon by PRV immunohistochemical staining method. First-order PRV labeled neurons projecting to urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Commonly labeled preganglionic neurons were labeled in the lumbosacral spinal cord and thoracic spinal cord. They were found in the lateral horn area(sacral parasympathetic nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus), lamina V-X, intermediomedial nucleus and dorsal column area. The area of sensory neurons projecting to urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$) was L5-S2 spinal ganglia and T12-L1 spinal ganglia, respectively. In the brainstem, the neurons were labeled most evidently and consistently in the nucleus of tractus solitarius, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), C3 adrenalin cells, parapyramidal area(lateral paragigantocellular nucleus), locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, A5 cell group, Barrington's nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the paraventricular nucleus and a few ones were in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, perifornical nucleus, periventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the frontal cortex, 1,2 area, hind limb area, agranular insular cortex. Immunoreactive neurons to Corticotropin releasiing factor(CRF), Corticotropin releasiing factor-receptor(CRF-R), c-fos and serotonin were a part of labeled areas among the virus-labeled neurons of urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$). The commonly labeled areas were nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, Barrington,s nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, frontal cortex 1, 2 area, hind limb, and perirhinal(agranular insular) cortex. These results suggest that overlapped CNS locations are related with autonomic nuclei which regulate the functions of urinary bladder-relate organs and it was revealed by tracing PRV labeled neurons projecting urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints. These commonly labeled areas often overlap with the neurons connected with hormones and hormone receptors related to urination.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.80-98
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• 1994

According to the original documents, Sagungsan is considered as an effective drug for controlling the hypertensive epistaxis induced by tension of autonomic nerve and it's hyperfunction. The present experiment was designed to understand the effect of Sagungsan extract on the hemostatic action, intracranial pressure, blood pressure and cardiovascular system in experimental animals. And thus the bleeding time, prothrombin time, capillary dilation, blood pressure, Intracranial pressure, and enzymatic analysis of the ATPase activities were studied. The result obtained here were as followings: 1. Sagungsan water extract reduced the bleeding time in mouse, and prolonged the prothrombin time in rabbits. 2. The drug extract increased the tail volume by capillary dilation in rats. 3. The drug extract inhibited the increase of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure in rabbits. 4. At the early time, the increase of arterial blood pressure by the drug extract significantly inhibited by pretreated atropin and regitine in rabbits. 5. The drug extract relaxed the smooth muscle by stimulating the Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities of gastric sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit stomach. 6. The drug extract stimulated the heart contraction by inhibiting the $Mg^{2+}-Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ activities of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit heart. The inhibitory mechanism was reversible and noncompatitive. 7. The drug extract increased the hepatic blood volume by stimulating the hepatic total ATPase activities and hepatic metabolism. 8. The drug extract acted as a tranquilizer by inhibiting the neural Na+-K+-ATPase activity. According to the results, Sagungsan water extract dilated the capillaries, stimulated the heart beat, and thus increased the blood flow with decreasing the intracranial pressure and blood pressure. These effects stanches the epistaxis collectively.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2009

Objectives: Sahyangsohapwon (SS) is a herbal medication that has been widely used with circulatory and neural diseases. This study was conducted to assess the effect of SS on the autonomic nervous system by using heart rate variability measurement. Methods: The eligible subjects were enrolled from the healthy male group of ages 20 to 35 years. They were divided into two groups, the SS group (n=26) and the control (n=24). We monitored the ECG of subjects from the time period 14:00 to 18:00. In the SS group, subjects were administered with a dose of SS at the time 15:00, whereas the control group had none. For each hour HRV measurement was monitored every 15 minutes for 512 seconds from the time period 14:00 to 18:00. The mean value, which was calculated using the 4 values during each hour (i.e. 14:00, 14:15, 14:30, 14:45), was used as the representative value for each individual hour. For the measurement values, RR-interval and SDNN (standard deviation of the NN intervals) were used as time domain analysis, and HF (high frequency), LF (low frequency), and LF/HF ratio were used as frequency domain analysis. Results: The LF value showed an increase after one hour of SS administration and showed gradual diminution for each and every hour. The repeated measures of ANOVA for the comparison of the LF value between the SS group and the control group showed significant differences. While, RR interval, SDNN, HF, and LF/HF ratio values showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: We suggest that the SS might be useful for stabilizing autonomic nervous system by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activation in healthy people.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

스트레스는 여러 가지 정신질환의 병태생리와 관련되는 것으로 알려졌다. 최근 여러 가지 동물 모델이 제시되고 뇌에 대한 연구가 활발해지면서 스트레스의 선경생물학적 기전에 대해 많은 사실이 밝혀지고 있다. 저자들은 동물과 사람을 대상으로 스트레스가 지각되고 대뇌에서 처리되고 신경내분비적 반응으로 전환되는 경로를 밝히고자 했던 최근의 연구들을 고찰하였다. 과거 변연계-시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축(LHPA axis)과 자율신경계가 스트레스반응의 신경생물학적 담당자로 가장 많이 연구되어 왔으나, 최근에는 노르에피네프린(NE), 세로토닌, GABA/Glutamate, 도파민, 아세틸콜린 등의 신경전달물질과 부신피질자극호르몬방출인자(CRF), arginine vasopressin. glucocorticoid 등의 신경호르몬이 상호작용을 하면서 스트레스반응에 관계되는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 이러한 대뇌의 신경전달체계는 LHPA축과 유기적으로 연관되면서 스트레스반응을 매개하며, 구조적으로도 LHPA축은 해마, 편도 등 다양한 대뇌 부위와 연결된다. LHPA축은 이렇게 중층적으로 조절되는데, 여기에 생기는 이상은 만성 스트레스나 우울증 등 병적 상태와 관련된다. CRF는 LHPA축의 호르몬 역할 이외에 대뇌의 광범위한 부위에 분포하면서 신경전달물질로서 기능하며 다양한 스트레스반응을 매개한다. 스트레스를 주변 자율신경계가 활성화되는데, 청색반점에서 기시하는 NE계가 직접 자극되어 카테콜아민을 분비하기도 하지만, CRF나 다른 신경전달계가 먼저 자극되면서 간접적으로 활성화되기도 한다. 특히 CRF와 NE계는 서로 자극시키는 feed-forward 상호작용을 하며, 이것이 생체가 외부환경의 도전에 맞서 내분비계 뿐만 아니라 중추신경계를 동원하는 데 중요한 역할을 할것으로 보인다. 또한 CRF-NE 상호작용은 불안이나 우울 등 비정상적 스트레스반응의 병태생리를 이해하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 시사된다. 스트레스반응은 구조적, 신경화학적, 유전적 수준의 다양한 신경생물학적 작용을 통해 일어나며, 이에 대한 연구는 스트레스반응의 병태생리를 밝히고 불안장애, 기분장애 등 정신질환의 원인 규명과 치료에도 크게 기여할 것으로 보인다.