• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 1997

Background : Patients with command hallucinations are commonly assumed to be at high risk for dangerous behavior. However the issue of whether command hallucinations hold any clinical relevance in schizophrenic patients has not been established. Method : The author analyzed the clinical and research records of schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations who participated in outpatient research follow-up for 9 months after discharge. Patients with auditory hallucinations were classified as experiencing or not experiencing command hallucinations based on clinical psychiatric assessment. Results : Of 63 patients with auditory hallucinations, 29(46%) reported the command hallucinations and these hallucinations often were violent in content(44.8%). Patients with command hallucinations were not significantly different from patients without command hallucinations on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and clinical or prognostic course variables, but patients with command hallucinations had significantly more short hospitalizations(less than one month) than patients without command hallucinations. 3 of the patients with command hallucinations who committed suicide during the follow up periods were died. Conclusion : Command hallucinations may be frequent, and in most cases they have minimal influence on the outcome of schizophrenia, but if the patients with command hallucinations have a history of suicide attempts before admission, the possibility of suicide attempts by command hallucinations should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of listening to music in inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia, on their auditory hallucinations, and positive and negative symptoms. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design with $2{\times}2$ cross-over trial and convenience sample was used. Eleven patients (Group AB) listened to music followed by a wash out period and then a usual care period, and 12 patients (Group BA) had a usual care period followed by a wash out period and then listened to music. For one week those who were in the experimental period listened to individualized music using an MP3 player whenever they heard hallucinations. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of auditory hallucinations after listening to the music. There was a decrease in the mean scores for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology after listening to music, but only negative symptoms showed a statistically significant decrease. The treatment effects on scores for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology were greater in Group BA than Group AB. Conclusion: These findings suggest that listening to music may be useful for managing auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia inpatients.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.295-301
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• 1996

We investigated the characteristics of cognitive-behavioral response to auditory hallucinations in 27 schizophrenic patients. The results were as follows : 1) The most frequent cognitive and behavioral response was healthy cognitive one such as suppression or ignoring and increasing physiological arousal, respectively. 2) The characteristics of auditory hallucinations in good/fair copers was that if was more likely to be mild in severity and insight-oriented And increasing physiological arousal was used more frequently in good/fair copers and unhealthy cognitive-behavioral response was used more frequently in poor copers. 3) Out of 3 variables(duration, insight and severity of auditory hallucinations), the insight of auditory hallucinations was the only factor which made difference in unhealthy cognitive response. In conclusion, there were quite a diverse and unique cognitive-behavioral response to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 2001

Auditory hallucinations are cardinal feature of psychosis. But the mechanism of hallucinated speech is unknown. The hypothesis that these hallucinations arise from pathologically altered brain monitoring system underlying speech perception is influential. With the help of rapidly developing neuroimaging study technologies, many researchers have been finding new organic deficits in the hallucinated schizophrenic patient's brain. In this article, we reviewed the general appearance of hallucination, a computer simulation model of hallucination and several neuroimaging study findings on hallucinating schizophrenic patients. In conclusion, we presented the presumptive mechanism of hallucination based on the anatomical dysfunction of schizophrenia.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2000

Objectives : Cognitive psychological models propose that auditory hallucinations arise from a problem with monitoring one's auditory verbal imagery. Most auditory hallucinations are derogatory in content and accompany negative emotions. If auditory verbal imagery plays an critical role in the pathogenesis of auditory hallucination, it must be influenced by negative emotions. This study was aimed at understanding the influence of negative emotions on the development of hallucinations by investigating the way by which negative emotions have influence on cortical activity induced by auditory verbal imagery. Methods : For both normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia, quantitative electroencephalography(Q-EEG) was applied during the auditory verbal imagery tasks using a two word list. The one word list accompanied negative emotion and the other accompanied neutral emotions. The difference of EEG activity between two tasks was compared by paired t-test. We also compare the difference of the influence of negative emotions between normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia Results : In normal subjects, amplitude of beta wave was increased in temporal area such as TCP1, and, the amplitude of theta frequency wave was decreased in right hemisphere such as FP2, F4, C4, CP2, P4. But, in the schizophrenia group, there were no significant differences. Conclusion : These results may suggest that auditory verbal imagery with negative emotion requires more activation in left temporal area, but, appropriate activation may not achieved in schizophrenia patients. So, the possibility that the resultant disturbance of verbal self monitoring may be related to auditory hallucination is suggested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.80-85
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• 2013

Objectives Research suggests that content of delusion and hallucination in schizophrenia is influenced by culture and social environment. However, few studies investigated chronological change of delusions and hallucinations within a society. To investigate changes in delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenia according to time, we compared contents of symptoms between inpatients with schizophrenia at two different time frames. Methods All admissions to a psychiatric unit of Hanyang University Guri Hospital with discharge diagnoses of schizophrenia at two different five-year time frames (1996-2000 and 2006-2010) were reviewed. Using a checklist, adapted from the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms, we investigated delusions and hallucinations of 247 patients (104 in the 1990s and 143 in the 2000s). Results Delusions and hallucinations of patients did not differ at two time frames. In women, however, auditory and somato-tactile hallucinations were significantly more frequent in the 1990s (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings support the literature emphasizing that content and frequency of hallucination may differ according to cultural environment. We speculate that attitude toward sex and defensiveness toward disclosure of symptoms may have contributed to interval difference.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.163-172
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• 2015

Objectives This study was aimed to examine the multidimensional relationship between auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factors of psychopathology in the patients with schizophrenia. And we explored the differences between assessments to hallucination by the clinicians and patients. Methods 82 patients with schizophrenia who were assessed by the Hamilton Program for Schizophrenia Voices Questionnaire (HPSVQ), Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale-Auditory Hallucination (PSYRATS-AHS), and the PANSS were recruited. Hwang's five-factor model of PANSS, items and total scores of hallucination scales, Kim's and Haddock's factor models of hallucination were applied to examine the correlations between psychopathology and AVHs. AVH-positive patients was 50 in PANSS-HPSVQ group and 24 in PANSS-PSYRATS-AHS. These two groups were separately analyzed. Results Among the five factors of the PANSS, negative and depression/anxiety factors were correlated with the total scores of HPSVQ and PSYRATS-AHS, and positive and autistic preoccupation factors were correlated only with the total score of PSYRATS-AHS. The activation factor was correlated with none of the total scores of HPSVQ/PSYRATS-AHS. These correlation patterns of a total score of HPSVQ/PSYRATS-AHS were same in the emotional factor of HPSVQ and physical factor of PSYRATS-AHS respectively. In the items which showed significant correlations, correlation coefficients of PANSS-PSYRATS-AHS group ranged between 0.406-0.755 and those of PANSS-HPSVQ ranged between 0.283-0.420. Conclusions This study suggested that the psychopathological domains of schizophrenia were differentially correlated with AVHs and the assessment of AVHs by clinicians and patients showed substantial differences which should be integrated into the therapeutic interventions.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2014

Objective : We report efficacy of Daeseunggi-tang on auditory hallucination in schizophrenia. From this, we can expect therapeutic possibility of herbal medicine chosen by 'A disease pattern identification diagnostic system based on Shanghanlun provisions' in schizophrenia. Methods : Daeseunggi-tang written in YangMyeong-JiWiByeong is applied to 31-year-old patient who diagnosed as schizophrenia and hospitalized for 3months taking antipsychotics. The patient was treated for a year. Results : Scores in Auditory Hallucination appended to PANSS and K-BDI were highly decreased. The patient takes no antipsychotics anymore for now. Conclusions : Auditory hallucination in Schizophrenia which needs antipsychotics can be managed by herbal medicine chosen by 'A disease pattern identification diagnostic system based on Shanghanlun provisions'.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.73-81
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• 2022

Since dissociative identity disorder (DID) has symptoms similar to schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations and delusional thoughts of being controlled, there are difficulties in its differential diagnosis. A 16-year-old adolescent male patient who was previously diagnosed with schizophrenia from a different hospital was admitted to our inpatient psychiatric unit for the evaluation of auditory hallucinations and suicide attempts. Through psychiatric evaluations, it was determined that the patient suffered from identity alternation, dissociation, and amnesia. As for the diagnostic evaluations, the following measures were implemented: a psychiatric interview regarding the diagnostic criteria, mental status examination, laboratory tests, brain imaging studies, electroencephalography, and full psychological test for adolescents, and the self-reported measure of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. The patient was diagnosed with DID, and the following treatments were administered: pharmacotherapy, ego state therapy, psychoeducation regarding emotions, trauma-focused psychotherapy including stabilization, and family therapy. Following treatment, in the internal dimensions, the patient was able to recognize the nine alternate identities in charge of his emotions, which established a basis for the potential integration of identities. In the external dimensions, he showed improvements in the aspects of family conflicts and issue of school refusal. This is the first reported case of DID in an adolescent in Korea; it emphasizes the consideration of DID in the differential diagnosis of other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder and expands the treatment opportunities for DID by sharing the procedures of ego state therapy.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2017

Objectives A retrospective case series study was conducted to investigate the clinical characteristics of psychotic disorders induced by appetite suppressants, phentermine and phendimetrazine. Methods A retrospective electronic medical record review identified 5 admitted patients who had psychotic symptoms after taking phentermine or phendimetrazine. Clinical information was reviewed and summarized in each case. Results Hallucinations were reported in all cases, including auditory, visual, olfactory and somatic hallucinations. After discontinuation of phentermine or phendimetrazine, the symptoms rapidly improved with low dose of antipsychotics. Patients tended to have less prominent negative symptoms and higher insight into illness, and often showed depressive mood. These clinical characteristics were similar to psychosis induced by amphetamines. Two patients developed stimulant use disorder while using phentermine. Conclusions These findings call for awareness of the risks associated with use of appetite suppressants. Prescription of phentermine or phendimetrazine should be accompanied by close monitoring of mental status, and suspicion for substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder.