• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1972.03a
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• pp.7-8
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• 1972

The effects of noise exposure are of two types: Nonauditory effects and auditory effects. Nonauditory effects of noise exposure are interference with communication by speech, sleeping and emotional behavior. The noise will cause the high blood pressure and rapid pulse, also that decrease the salivation and gastric juice. in experimentaly showed that the Corticoid hormon: Gonatotropic hormone were decrease and Thyrotropic hormoone is increase. Auditory effect of noise exposure. when the normal ear is exposed to noise at noise at hamful intensities (above 90㏈) for sufficiently long periods of time, a temoral depression of hearing results, disappearing after minutes or hours of rest. When the exposure longer or intesity greater is reached the Permanent threshold shift called noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss resulting from noise exposure presents legal as well as medical problems. The otologist who examines and evaluates the industrial hearing loss cases must be properly informed, not only concerning the otologic but also about the physical and legal aspects of the problems. The measurement of hearing ability is the most important part of a hearing conservation, both preplacement and periodic follow-up tests of hearing. The ideal hearing conservation program would be able to reduce or eliminate the hazardous noise at its source or by acoustic isolation of noisy working area and two ear protections (plugs and muff type) were developed for personal protection.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.143-154
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• 2005

Typography in visual communication design is 'potential form' hidden within a space. Showing rhythm in typography is making 'aesthetic sense' in a graphic which has formative characteristics, the way of expression is very important. When the rhythm is recognized through visual stream, Rhythmic Sense is formed. The research will present a new form of the Visual Rhythmic Sense by analyzing typography works out positively. First of all, I researched works done by Fillippo Marinetti, Robert Massin, Wolfgang Weingart, and David Carson for their vigorous experimentalism in typography in forming visual rhythm. I used S.D. Scale method to analyze characteristics of visual image and VARIMAX for factor analysis reaching types of visual rhythm, which could be classified as following. (1) Synesthesia Rhythmic Sense (R-synesthesia) means that the senses are conveyed through 'visualization of auditory sense' and 'visualization of touch' (2) Simultaneous Rhythmic Sense (R-simultaneity) means that the time and space co-exist in one plane. (3) Connective Rhythmic Sense(R-connection) means that different factors (Within one plane) co-exist interacting with one another and creating a unified impression through such a process. (4) Artist Oriented Rhythmic Sense ($-artist) means that the artist interprets the content subjectively and expresses his/her impression, thereby, attracting a gaze of audience systematically and arbitrarily. (5) Reader Oriented Rhythmic Sense(R-reader) avoids the existing legibility formed through aggressive engagement of the reader.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.511-519
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• 2006

Objectives : As the disabled have higher prevalence rates and earlier onsets of chronic diseases than the non-disabled, their participation in mass screening is important for the early detection and intervention of chronic diseases. Nevertheless, in Korea, the disabled have lower participation rates in mass screening services than the non-disabled. The purpose of the study was to find determinants for the participation in the National Health Insurance (NHI) mass screening program among the disabled. Methods : In this study, the NHI mass screening data of 423,076 disabled people, which were identified using the National Disability Registry (2003), were analyzed. Of the factors affecting the participation rates in mass screenings, the following variables were included for the analysis: socioeconomic stati, such as sex, age, category of health insurance program, region and income, disability characteristics, such as disability type, and severity. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the participation rates, disability characteristics variables and demographic variables. Results : The participation rate in mass screening of the disabled was 41.3%, but was lower in females, an age of more than 70 years, self-employed and for those with an average monthly insurance premium over 133,500 Won and in metropolitan legions. The participation rate was 1.31 times lower in females than males (95% CI=1.29-1.33); 3.50 times lower in the elderly (more than 70 years) than the younger (95% CI=3.33-3.67); 1.43 times lower in those who live in metropolitan areas (95% CI=1.40-1.46); 2.59 times lower for those in a health Insurance program for the self-employed than for employees (95% CI=2.56-2.63), 1.19 times lower for the higher income (more than 133,500) than the lower income group (4,400-22,000) for the average monthly insurance premium (95% CI=1.15-1.23): 2.04 times lower for those with brain palsy and stroke disabilities than with auditory impairments (95% CI: 1.97-2.11) and 3.27 times for those with severe compared to mild disabilities (95% CI=3.15-3.40). Conclusions : The disabled with high severity, and locomotive and communication disabilities have lower participation rates in mass screening services in Korea.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.977-990
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• 2010

Today, as individuals show their social identities and reflect their being as the members of society with a culture, an art style and communication function are stood out in fashion photographs. Accordingly, the meanings of images into text are expanded in its interpretative width through the acceptor's various terms. This researcher looked into four theories of both positions on the textuality of language and image, and considered the point of discussion on image of each theory through modern fashion photographs. First, the theory which divides language and image as auditory and visual recognitions in the textuality of language and image is limited from the view it focuses on only one side without considering the ambivalent elements of each field. For the textuality in modern fashion photographs, the observer attempts to turn it into text to give meaning to it as the recognition through five senses conforming to the acceptor's condition. Second, the theory dividing language and image into the text of time properties and spacial properties has limitation in the text, for acceptor's experience of the object appears as the structured form in time and space rather than being defined as two things like time and space. Third, the theory classifying the language and image text into conventional taste and natural taste has limitation from the view that image text is hardly an object of consistent classification in ease of recognition by the code accepted in society. Thus, this can't be fundamental approach for the understanding of the text of decoding trend represented in modern fashion photographs. Fourth, accordingly, this researcher focussed on contextual and arbitrary text of fashion photographs through the theory of Nelson Goodman which discusses image text through the differences in textuality. Basic mechanism of perceiving and recognizing and distinguish image is closely related to habit and custom like language. So, each acceptor perceives the image as a text through arbitrary interpretation obtained by individual, empirical, historical, and educational viewpoints. The textuality of modern fashion photographs aims to widen the range of diverse knowledge and understanding, transcending the regulations of simple function of existing fashion photographs. Consequently, this researcher puts forward the opinion of consistent and diverse follow-up studies on instilling meaning into fashion photographs for the understanding de-regulatory and de-constructive through various senses by avoiding only one sense-dependent fixed and regulatory properties of it.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-37
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• 2014

The significant role of joint attention in the development of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has highlighted the importance of early intervention. With the emphasis on the effective cueing and reinforcer for orienting to social stimuli in improving responding to joint attention (RJA) of children with ASD, the use of musical cue was hypothesized. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of RJA behaviors depending on the attentional cue, which differed in the level of information and type of auditory modality. Nine children with ASD participated in this study. The use of eight different joint attention cues were analyzed in terms of the frequency and accuracy of RJA behaviors elicited. The results of the study showed that RJA behaviors occurred more frequently with musical cues than with verbal cues and the mean accuracy rate of RJA was higher with musical cues (p = .047). Musically delivered eliciting and directing cues accompanied with pointing elicited the highest attentional shift and RJA accuracy. The significant increases in RJA with the use of musical cues indicated that incorporating musical elements into an attentional cue may provide more accurate cue information, enough to improve RJA behaviors of children with autism.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.16 no.4 s.95
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• pp.427-437
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• 2005

In this paper, the perceived audio level metering algorithm of digital audio sound to be able to operate in real-time is proposed. Through analyzing a conventional recommendation ITU-RBS1387-I for objective audio quality analysis, FFT-based loudness metering algorithm is implemented and the real-time method of that algorithm was advised and proved. The proposed method is based on look-up table. In order to prove the proved method, using 23 pure tones and 30 preselected digital audio samples, its performance and operation time is evaluated. Its performance, compared with an original algorithm's, have a good figure of less than $2\;\%$ error even if look-up table related with spectral spreading have large level resolution of $10\;\cal{dB}$. The proposed algorithm take only 1/21 of original algorithm's measuring time. Also, in the proposed algorithm auditory pitch group energy calculation take 1/450 of original algorithm's and excitation calculation take 1/3.57. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm is expected to be implemented into DSP-based real-time loudness meter.