• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) strain against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in layer chickens. Birds were orally primed with the attenuated ST strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (PPI). Sequential monitoring of plasma IgG and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) levels revealed that inoculation with ST induced a significant antibody response to antigens against ST, SE, and SG. Moreover, significant lymphoproliferative responses to the 3 Salmonella serovars were observed in the immunized group. We also investigated protection against virulent ST, SE, and SG strain challenge. Upon virulent SG challenge, the immunized group showed significantly reduced mortality compared to the non-immunized group. The reduced persistence of the virulent ST and SE challenge strains in the liver, spleen, and cecal tissues of the immunized group suggests that immunization with the attenuated ST strain may not only protect against ST infection but can also confer cross protection against SE and SG infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 1997

Purpose: We performed this study to find out short period humoral immunogenicity and safety of 47 passaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine(1,400PFU) in 12 months to 15 years aged healthy children. Methods: Ninety nine healthy chidren, who have no histories of varicella vaccination, recent chicken pox illness and contact, allergy to other vaccines and underlying severe diseases, were involved in this study from April 1997 to August 1997. 5ml blood were collected before vaccination and after vaccination from all vaccinees to measure varicella membrane antibody by FAMA, and varicella IgG antibody by EIA. And immediate reactions within 30 minutes after vaccination, local and systemic reactions within 3 days after vaccination and vaccine induced systemic illness during 6 weeks postvaccination period were observed in all vaccinees to identify side effects of study vaccine. Results: 1) 49 seronegative and 50 seropositive vaccinees were identified in both prevaccination serologic tests. 2) Serologic responses after vaccination measured by the FAMA in seronegative group showed that the mean GMT level revealed 64.0, and seroconversion rate was 97.9%. And serologic responses after vaccination measured by the FAMA in seropositive group showed that the mean GMT level(242.2) was markedly elevated comparing with the mean GMT level(9.2) of pre vaccination. 3) The results of EIA in seronegative group revealed that postvaccination mean GMT was 435.2(prevaccination GMT; 78.7), and 100% seroconversion rate. Also, the results of EIA in seropositve group showed that the mean GMT level(769.9) of postvaccination was almostly two fold hihger than the mean GMT level(419.7) of prevaccination. 4) Observed local reactions like injection sites redness, pain, hardness and itching sense were mild and disappeared within 3 days, also shorterm systemic reactions like irritability, lethargy, poor appetites and rash were not remarkable. And there were no remarkable side effects due to vaccine during study period in all vaccinees. Conclusion: We confirmed that 47 paasaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine has high shorterm humoral immunogenicity and safety. However, we need more detail and longterm humoral and cell mediated immunogenicity studies of this vaccine including clinical field trials.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.164-170
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• 2014

Influenza causes acute respiratory infections and various complications. Children in the high-risk group have higher complication and hospitalization rates than high-risk elderly individuals. Influenza prevention in children is important, as they can be a source infection spread in their communities. Influenza vaccination is strongly recommended for high-risk children with chronic underlying circulatory and respiratory disease, immature infants, and children receiving long-term immunosuppressant treatment or aspirin. However, vaccination rates in these children are low because of concerns regarding the exacerbation of underlying diseases and vaccine efficacy. To address these concerns, many clinical studies on children with underlying respiratory diseases have been conducted since the 1970s. Most of these reported no differences in immunogenicity or adverse reactions between healthy children and those with underlying respiratory diseases and no adverse effects of the influenza vaccine on the disease course. Further to these studies, the inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine is recommended for children with underlying respiratory disease, in many countries. However, the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is not recommended for children younger than 5 years with asthma or recurrent wheezing. Influenza vaccination is contraindicated in patients with severe allergies to egg, chicken, or feathers, because egg-cultivated influenza vaccines may contain ovalbumin. There has been no recent report of serious adverse events after influenza vaccination in children with egg allergy. However, many experts recommend the trivalent influenza vaccine for patients with severe egg allergy, with close observation for 30 minutes after vaccination. LAIV is still not recommended for patients with asthma or egg allergy.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aimed to study the antibody response of Japanese encephalitis vaccination in children using different kinds of vaccines (inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine or interchanged) and evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccines to provide the basis of efficient immunization schedule of Japanese encephalitis. Methods: Measurement of the neutralization antibody (NTAb) titers following Japanese encephalitis vaccination using different vaccines for 170 children, 2-6 year of age, who visited six university hospitals and are confirmed by immunization records. Results: Among 170 children who were given primary immunization on Japanese encephalitis, 103 children were given inactivated vaccine, 64 children were given live attenuated vaccine and 3 children were given interchangeably. NTAb titers were more than 1:10 in all children of three groups. The geographic mean antibody titer was 322 in inactivated vaccine group and 266 in live attenuated vaccine group. However, there was no significant difference between two groups. In both groups, the NTAb titer showed the peak at 1-4 months after the third immunization and declined. The NTAb titers of three children who were given two kinds of vaccines alternately were 1:135, 1:632, and 1:2511, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study in children younger than 6 years old, there is no significant difference in effectiveness between inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. However, further studies for the changes of antibody titers for a longer period of time on larger population are required.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2020

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a challenging condition for pain management specialists. The prevention of herpes zoster (HZ) and subsequent PHN in individuals aged 50 years and older, via the development of new vaccines, is an ongoing research project. The live zoster vaccine (LZV, Zostavax^®) was the first proof of concept that vaccination could prevent HZ, but LZV cannot be used in various immunecompromised patients. This led to the development of a new non-live recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix^®). This RZV has shown promising results in many clinical trials, with high reactogenicity and similar systemic adverse effects compared to those of LZV. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization has recommended LZV as a standard vaccine for HZ prevention in adults ≥ 50 years of age, but no studies directly comparing the safety and efficacy of RZV and LZV vaccines have been conducted. This article reviews the brief history, efficacy, and safety of the two vaccines and discusses the advantage of RZV over LZV based on the available literature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-146
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• 1968

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were summarized. 1. It was impossible to infect and kill the mice, weighing 10 to 12 gm, by inoculating 0.2ml of virulent Cl. chauvoei, diluted 1 to 10 with physiological saline, via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intraveonus, route. 2. The mice which were inoculated in brain with 0.03ml of Cl. chauvoei diluted 1 : 5120 with physiological saline were resulted in all death after infection, but not in case of attenuated strain even in dilution of one to five. 3. Virulent Cl. chauvoei were diluted with each of those of whole blood, erythrocytes and serum of horse, calf, swine, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, chicken and duck, human plasma and 2% CaCl solution, and inoculated subcutaneously 0.25 to 0.5ml in mice, weighing 12 to 15gm. It was resulted in significant increase in virulence as comparing with the case of physiological saline solution except when horse and pig sera were used. Such a phenomena were not seen in attenuated strain. 4. Virulence of virulent Cl. Chauvoei could be increased significantly in rat, as the procedures used in mice, by suspending in whole blood, erythrocytes, serum, or plasma of various animals, or 2% $CaCl_2$ solution and by inoculating subcutaneously 0.5 to 10ml in rat, weighing 30 to 60 gm, as compared with those of control group which used physiological saline solutionos diluent. 5. Mice resisted 100 and 80 percent against challenge of $10^3$ and $10^4$ M.L.D.. respectively, 24 hours after inoculation of 0.5ml black leg antiserum. 6. Immune response to the black leg living vaccine in mice could be obtained more favorably in the group of respected vaccination rather than those of single inoculation and the most profitable inoculm size of the vacine was 0.5 to 1.0ml. 7. Challenge for the immunized mice could be carried out effectively 3 weeks after first vaccination. 8. Satisfactory results could be obtained by inoculating subcutaneously for the immunization and intracerebrally or subcutaneously for the challenge. 9. Mice which were inoculated with 0.5ml of black leg living vaccine via subtaneucously two times at seven days interval and 21 days after first inoculation and challenged with 5 and 10 M.L.D. of virulent strain, resited 100 and 70 to 80 percent respectively. Same results were obtainable in black leg killed vaccine as the procedures used in living vaccine. 10. There were significantly different resistances against the definite challenge does between the mice groups which were immnuized with the living vaccine diluted five or 10 times and the undiluted. 11. For the biological assay of black leg living vaccine and antiserum, satisfactory results could be obtained using mice.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2009

Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide. Rotavirus infects every child at least once by her/his $5^{th}$ birthday. It has been known that single episode of rotavirus infection can protect or alleviate subsequent illness caused by both homotypic and heterotypic rotaviruses. There are two currently licensed rotavirus vaccines. One is human-bovine rotavirus reassortant pentavalent vaccine ($RotaTeq^{TM}$), which contains five reassortant rotavirus (expressing protein G1, G2, G3, G4 and P[8]) and was licensed in Korea for use among infants in 2007. Another is live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine ($Rotarix^{TM}$) derived from 89-12 strain which represents the most common of the human rotavirus VP7(G1) and VP4(P[8]) antigens. $Rotarix^{TM}$ was licensed in Korea in 2008. Both live oral rotavirus vaccines are efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.34-34
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• 2003

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease of swine with serious economic losses in pig industry [1]. The disease is caused by CSFV which belongs to the viruses of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV) make up the Pestivirus genus within the family Flaviviridae [2]. Attenuated Korean LOM strains were used in Korea. For these reasons a practical approach for discrimination between vaccine and field strains is needed. Here, we described the deveopment of real-time RT-PCR to discriminate between vaccine strains and Korean field viruses of CSFV. (omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 1997

We developed a simple and efficient method to prepare a Pseudomonas vaccine of outer membrane (OM) proteins free from lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A three step purification process including extraction, ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation effectively removed LPS from the OM protein fraction. Approximately 2 mg of the OM proteins was obtained from 1 g of wet cell. LPS contaminant in the vaccine preparation was less than 0.003% (w/w) of protein and protease activity was not detectable. To achieve a wide range of protection, OM proteins prepared from four attenuated P. aeruginosa strains were mixed in equal amounts and used as a vaccine, which elicited in rabbits a high titer of antibody reactive to all of the seven Fisher types. The antisera from the immunized rabbit had a strong reactivity to vaccine proteins larger than 25 kDa. In a burned mouse infection model, immunization with the vaccine significantly enhanced bacterial clearance in the Pseudomonas infected skin. The vaccination also provided mice an excellent protection against Pseudomonas infection (11, 16). Data on antigenicity, mutagenicity, acute, subacute toxicity and pharmacological tests confirmed the safety of the vaccine (1, 3, 10, 12, 17). These data demonstrate that this method can be applied to manufacture a bacterial vaccine of OM proteins with safety and prophylactic efficacy at a practical low cost.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1981

Japanese encephalitis has been prevalent for long time in the Far East and many patients have been reported in both South East and Mid-West Asia recently. Recently, vaccine was used in prevention of this viral disease of man which was derived from formalin inactivated virus inoculated into mouse brain, but live attenuated active vaccine for human is not developed yet. Author inoculated Japanese encephalitis virus into several cell culture strains for development of live attenuated encephalitis virus strain and the results were as follows: 1. Japanese encephalitis virus was inactivated rapidly in cell free medium at $36^{\circ}C$ and totally inactivated by 72 hours. 2. In growth curve of Japanese encephalitis virus in HeLa cell cultures, maximal multiplication of the virus was occured at 4th day and virus multiplication was continued for at least 12 days. 3. After succeeding passage of the virus in HeLa cell cultures and human esophagus epithelial cell cultures, infectivity of virus for mice was disappeared from 2nd passage in HeLa cell cultures and 3rd passage in esophagus epithelial cell cultures. 4. In inoculation to monkey kidney epithelial cells and chick embryo cell cultures, infectivity of the virus for mice was continued after 10th passages.