• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.153-154
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• 2002

Salmonella typhi Ty21a is an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium and used for oral typhoid vaccine. In an attempt to increase the stability of Ty21a manufacturing typhoid vaccine, the stability of freeze-dried Ty21a including additives at various temperature conditions was studied. In order to investigate the freeze-drying rate of Ty21a according to various absorbance, Ty21a was lyophilized by using 8% sucrose as a stabilizer. (omitted)

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

The mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to incoming pathogens which can cause infections that result in severe morbidity and/or mortality. Studies have reported that mucosal immunity is important for providing protection against these pathogens and that mucosal vaccination is effective in preventing local infections. For many years, the sublingual mucosa has been targeted to deliver immunotherapy to treat allergic hypersensitivities. However, the potential of vaccine delivery via sublingual mucosal has received little attention until recently. Recent studies exploring such potential have documented the safety and effectiveness of sublingual immunization, demonstrating the ability of sublingual immunization to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses against a variety of antigens, including soluble proteins, inter particulate antigens, and live-attenuated viruses. This review will summarize the recent findings that address the promising potential of sublingual immunization in proving protection against various mucosal pathogens.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.856-865
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• 2012

We describe the construction and immunobiological properties of a novel whooping cough vaccine candidate, in which the aroQ gene, encoding 3-dehydroquinase, was deleted by insertional inactivation using the kanamycin resistance gene cassette and allelic exchange using a Bordetella suicide vector. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant required supplementation of media to grow but failed to grow on an unsupplemented medium. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant was undetectable in the trachea and lungs of mice at days 6 and 12 post-infection, respectively. Antigen-specific antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a, were produced, and cell-mediated immunity [CMI], using interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma as indirect indicators, was induced in mice vaccinated with the aroQ B. pertussis vaccine candidate, which were substantially enhanced upon second exposure to virulent B. pertussis. Interleukin-12 was also produced in the aroQ B. pertussis-vaccinated mice. On the other hand, neither IgG2a nor CMI-indicator cytokines were produced in DTaP-vaccinated mice, although the CMI-indicator cytokines became detectable post-challenge with virulent B. pertussis. Intranasal immunization with one dose of the aroQ B. pertussis mutant protected vaccinated mice against an intranasal challenge infection, with no pathogen being detected in the lungs of immunized mice by day 7 post-challenge. B. pertussis aroQ thus constitutes a safe, non-reverting, metabolite-deficient vaccine candidate that induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with potential for use as a single-dose vaccine in adolescents and adults, in the first instance, with a view to disrupting the transmission cycle of whooping cough to infants and the community.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.609-615
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• 2005

The safety and immunogenicity of an attenuated recombinant Salmonella vaccine strain, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium llaB, was assessed. This vaccine strain could survive in low pH condition, and its ability of intracellular survival did not differ from that of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UK1, which is the wild-type of the vaccine strain. The mortality of the mice orally administered with the vaccine strain was $50\%$ at the dose of $10^7$ CFU. All mice administered with $10^5\;or\;10^3$ CFU of the vaccine strain survived for 3 days postinoculation (pi). However, all mice administered with more than $10^3$ CFU of the vaccine strain died within 3 days pi. To examine the protective effect of the vaccine strain, mice were orally immunized with $10^4\;and\;10^6$ CFU of the bacteria. Control mice were given with 0.5 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After 8 days, the mice were challenged with $10^9$ CFU of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UK1, and mortality was examined for 5 days. The survival rates of the mice immunized with $10^4\;and\;10^6$ CFU of the vaccine strain were $60\%\;and\;80\%$, respectively, whereas all control mice died within 2 days after challenging. To investigate the immunogenicity of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium llaB, mice were orally immunized with $10^5\;or\;10^6$ CFU ml of the vaccine strain. Five mice of each group were sacrificed at 5 and 12 days after immunization, and results showed that immunization of the vaccine strain led to increases of IgG1, IgG2, and IgM titers against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UK1 in mouse sera, cytokine expressions such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in spleen, and the lymphocyte proliferation response to mitogens (concanavalin A or LPS) stimulation.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2000

목 적 : 국내 건강한 소아에서 47계대 배양 Oka주 수두 약독화 생백신을 접종한 후 단기간 내의 면역원성과 안전성에 관한 연구를 시행한 다음 이들 접종아의 장기간에 걸친 접종효과와 면역성 유지에 관한 연구계획에 따라 일차적으로 접종 2년내에 수두 발생 여부와 발생시 임상적 특성을 확인하고 접종 2년 후 수두에 관한 면역상태의 평가와 잠복감염의 활성 여부를 파악하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1997년 4월에서 8월 사이 가톨릭의대 소아과에서 시행하였던 47계대 Oka주 수두 약독화 생백신의 단기간 면역원성과 안전성의 연구 대상아 99명을 본 연구의 지속적인 동일 대상으로 하였다. 연구 대상아를 2년간 지속적으로 추적하여 수두의 발생여부를 확인하였다. 접종아중 수두에 이환 되었을 경우 발병기간, 발열을 포함한 피부병변의 정도, 합병증의 발생 여부, 치료투약의 여부 등을 파악하여 임상적 평가를 실시하고, 동시에 발생의 역학 상태를 파악하였다. 그리고 이 연구 기간 동안에 연구 대상아에서 잠복감염에 따른 대상포진의 발생을 동시에 관찰하였다. 또한 접종 2년후에 EIA와 FAMA의 면역학적 검사를 통하여 수두 대상포진 바이러스 IgG 항체와 수두 대상포진 바이러스의 세포막 항원에 대한 항체를 측정하여 접종 2년 후의 면역상태를 평가하였다. 그리고 이 결과를 통하여 2년 전에 확인하였던 접종 1개월 후 면역상태와 비교하였다. 결 과 : 연구대상자 99명을 2년간 추적한 결과 6명에서 수두가 발생되었다. 이들은 3일에서 5일 정도의 짧은 임상 경과를 보였고 2례에서 발열이 있었고 전 예에서 발진의 정도는 수포의 수나 확산 정도가 매우 미약하였으며 합병증을 보인 경우는 없었다. 그리고 치료를 위한 투약을 받은 경우는 없었고 전 예에서 가족내 또는 집단 발생 후 발생되었다. 2년 후 항체검사가 가능하였던 46명에서 EIA에 의한 수두 대상포진 바이러스 IgG 항체를 측정한 결과 1례를 제외한 전 예에서 양성을 보였으며 높은 항체가를 유지되었음을 알 수 있었고, FAMA에 의한 수두 대상포진 바이러스 세포막 항원에 대한 항체가는 전 예에서 양성을 보였다. 이들 추적 항체검사가 가능하였던 46명에서 접종 1개월 후 항체가와 2년 후 항체가를 비교한 결과 수두 대상포진 바이러스 IgG 항체와 수두 대상포진 바이러스 세포막 항원에 대한 항체는 모두 접종 2년 후에 높게 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 전 예에서 연구기간 동안 대상포진의 발생은 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론 : 47계대 배양 Oka주 수두 약독화 생백신 접종 후 2년간 추적한 결과 접종아에서 집단 발생과 더불어 소수에서 수두가 발생되었으나 그 정도는 매우 미약하여 임상적으로 큰 문제가 없고 접종 2년 후에도 수두 대상포진 바이러스에 대한 면역상태는 잘 유지되고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.201-205
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the stability and potency of live attenuated rinderpest vaccines of lapinized-avianized tissue culture strain origin, which had been produced annually from 2005 to 2008. When immune responses to the vaccines were evaluated using two Holstein calves weighing 100~150 kg, neutralizing antibody titer of 1 : 16 was induced at 21 days post vaccination. When calves were also inoculated with vaccines lots that had been stored for 39 months at ${4^{\circ}C}$, same level of antibody titer was observed. Using the virus titer test, we found that all batches of the vaccine that had been kept for 3, 10, 15, 22, 27, 34, 39, and 45 months showed no significant loss of titers, and fulfilled the requirement necessary ($\geq$ 3 $logTCID_50$) to be used as the national rinderpest vaccine reserve in Korea. In this study, we demonstrated that stability and potency of the rinderpest vaccines were maintained over three years when kept at ${4^{\circ}C}$ storage. This indicates that it maybe feasible to extend the expiration period of this vaccine from one year to three years.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권7호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2019

The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger in the 9th (2018) edition of Immunization guideline. This report provides the revised recommendations made by the committee and summarizes several changes from the 2015 guideline. National immunization program (NIP) launched a human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization for girls aged 12 years in 2016. NIP has also expanded age indication for inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) to 12 years of age in the 2018-2019 season. Quadrivalent IIVs with a full dose (0.5 mL) are approved for all children of 6 months or older. Recommendations of live attenuated influenza vaccine were removed. For inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, first 2 doses are considered as the primary series. Recommendations for use of newly introduced vaccines (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b, 9-valent HPV, new varicella vaccine, new quadrivalent IIV, and attenuated oral typhoid vaccine) were added. Lastly, monitoring system for adverse events following immunization was updated. Other changes can be found in the 9th edition of Immunization guideline in detail.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2000

The objective of these experiments was to develop an attenuated thermostable Newcastle disease virus(NDV), CBP-1 strain isolated from infected pheasants. Safety, pathogenicity and protective effects against velogenic NDV were also investigated to evaluate if the attenuated NDV, CBP-1 strain could be a candidate for a new NDV vaccine strain. CBP-1 strain was passaged up to the 173 times by nine days old embryonated eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast(CEF) cell cultures. Its sensitivitly to lipid solvents and low pH, thermostability, mean death time(MDT), intracerebral pathogenicity index(ICPI) of one day old chicks and intravenous pathogenicity index(IVPI) of four weeks old chicks were examined. Safety, boosting and protective effects were tested by chicks mortality. CBP-1 NDV strain had significant thermostability at 56$\^{C}$ for 30 minutes. by hemagglutinin activity and egg infectivity test, but was not resistant to lipid solvent. It showed possibility to use as a feed or water vaccine because of the resistance to low pH. MDT, ICPI and IVPI of CBP-1 were attenuated from 51.5, 1.96, 2.60 to 112.4, 1.12, 1.45. These results implied that the 173rd passages in embryonated egg and CEF cell cultures induced a substantial attenuation of the pathogenicity of the parent virus, changing the virulence from velogenic to intermediate between mesogenic and lentogenic. After vaccination with CBP-1 at one day old by drinking water mortality was 17.5%. However, spray vaccination with B1 at one day old, CBP-1 at two weeks ild and challenge with velogenic Kyojeongwon strain at four weeks old showed 93.5% survival rate. Mortality of chicks, vaccination with 173rd passaged CBP-1 strain at one day old, two weeks old and challenge with Kyokeongwon strain at four weeks old, was 20.0%. The results of these studies indicated that partial attenuated CBP-1 strain tended to be a low safety for ND of broiler chicks and would need to be more successive attenuation.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.15.1-15.13
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• 2021

Background: Attenuated Salmonella strain can be used as a vector to transport immunogens to the host antigen-binding sites. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the protective efficacy of attenuated Salmonella strain expressing highly conserved Brucella immunogens in goats. Methods: Goats were vaccinated with Salmonella vector expressing individually lipoprotein outer-membrane protein 19 (Omp19), Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS), proline racemase subunit A (PrpA), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 5 × 10⁹ CFU/mL and challenge of all groups was done at 6 weeks after vaccination. Results: Among these vaccines inoculated at 5 × 10⁹ CFU/mL in 1 mL, Omp19 or SOD showed significantly higher serum immunoglobulin G titers at (2, 4, and 6) weeks post-vaccination, compared to the vector control. Interferon-γ production in response to individual antigens was significantly higher in SOD, Omp19, PrpA, and BLS individual groups, compared to that in the vector control (all p < 0.05). Brucella colonization rate at 8 weeks post-challenge showed that most vaccine-treated groups exhibited significantly increased protection by demonstrating reduced numbers of Brucella in tissues collected from vaccinated groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Brucella antigen expression levels were reduced in the spleen, kidney, and parotid lymph node of vaccinated goats, compared to the non-vaccinated goats. Besides, treatment with vaccine expressing individual antigens ameliorated brucellosis-related histopathological lesions. Conclusions: These results delineated that BLS, Omp19, PrpA, and SOD proteins achieved a definite level of protection, indicating that Salmonella Typhimurium successfully delivered Brucella antigens, and that individual vaccines could differentially elicit an antigen-specific immune response.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2007년도 제48회 학술심포지움 및 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2007

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