• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2011

Objectives：This study was conducted to develop a Korean algorithm of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its specific comorbid disorders (e.g. tic disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder). Methods：Based on a literature review and expert consensus, both paper- and web-based survey tools were developed with respect to a comprehensive range of questions. Most options were scored using a 9-point scale for rating the appropriateness of medical decisions. For the other options, the surveyed experts were asked to provide answers (e.g., duration of treatment, aver-age dosage) or check boxes to indicate their preferred answers. The survey was performed on-line in a self-administered manner. Ultimately, 49 Korean child & adolescent psychiatrists, who had been considered experts in the treatment of ADHD, vol untarily completed the questionnaire. In analyzing the responses to items rated using the 9-point scale, consensus on each option was defined as a non-random distribution of scores as determined by a chi-square test. We assigned a categorical rank (first line/preferred choice, second line/alternate choice, third line/usually inappropriate) to each option based on the 95% confidence interval around the mean rating score. Results：Specific medication strategies for key clinical situations in ADHD and its comorbid disorders were indicated and described. We organized the suggested algorithms of ADHD treatment mainly on the basis of the opinions of the Korean experts. The suggested algorithm was constructed according to the templates of the Texas Child & Adolescent medication algorithm Project (CMAP). Conclusion：We have proposed a Korean treatment algorithm for ADHD, both with and without comorbid disorders through expert consensus and a broad literature review. As the tools available for ADHD treatment evolve, this algorithm could be reorganized and modified as required to suit updated scientific and clinical research findings.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.124-133
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• 1999

Objective : Postpartum depression(PPD) was known to be caused by many factors including various psychosocial risk factors. This study was performed to identify the psychosocial risk factors for ppd, preliminarily in Korea. Methods : A group of 119 postpartum women, each of whom was at 6 to 8 weeks after delivery was identified at the time when they visited to the child health clinic or postnatal check-up clinic. The risk factors were surveyed by the self-reported questionnaire. The items of questionnaire were consisted of known risk factors in other studies and other possible stress-related factors. PPD was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS) and the degree of postpartum depression was determined by its score. Results : 16 women(13.45%) in the high risk group were diagnosed as PPD among the 119 women. Risk factors including past experience of depressive symptoms and low level of marital satisfaction were founded more frequently in women in the high risk group than in the low risk group. The score of EPDS was significantly high in the group who experienced depressive symptoms in the past, anxiety or depression during pregnancy, stressful life event during the period of recent pregnancy and postpartum, and who had low level of marital satisfaction. There was a positive correlation between age and the score of EPDS. However, the postpartum depressive symptoms were not influenced by the level of education, job, retirement due to pregnancy and delivery, wanted or unwanted pregnancy, delivery method, feeding method, the hospitalization of infant, expected and real gender of infant. Conclusion : These results suggest that PPD is quite frequent at postpartum period. Various risk factors contribute to the development of PPD. If clinicians pay attention to the risk factors of PPD and give appropriate psychiatric intervention to the mothers during pregnancy and postpartum, it will be easy for the clinicians to recognize and treat PPD in the early stage.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 2020

Given the development of information technology, various methods for efficient information delivery have been constructed as the method of delivering product information moves from offline and 2D to online and 3D. These attempts not only are about delivering product information in an online space where no real product exists but also play a crucial role in diversifying and revitalizing online shopping by providing virtual experiences to consumers. 360 product image is a photorealistic VR that allows a subject to be rotated and photographed to view objects in three dimensions. 360 product image has also attracted considerable attention considering that it can deliver richer information about an object compared with the existing still image photography. 360 product image is influenced by divergent production factors, and accordingly, a difference emerges in the responses of users. However, as the history of technology is short, related research is also insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to grasp the responses of users, which vary depending on the type of products and the number of source images in the 360 product image process. To this end, a representative product among the product groups that can be frequently found in online shopping malls was selected to produce a 360 product image and experiment with 75 users. The emotional responses to the 360 product image were analyzed through an experimental questionnaire to which the semantic classification method was applied. The results of this study could be used as basic data to understand and grasp the sensitivity of consumers to 360 product image.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-153
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the current prevalence rate of school bullying and its related psychopathology. Methods : A total of 3,550 elementary/middle school students and their parents were recruited for this study. A self-report questionnaire on perpetration and victimization in school bullying was used for collection of data regarding prevalence and the present state of school bullying. For evaluation of associated psychopathology, self report forms, including the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (ARS), Korean-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Korean-Youth Self Report (K-YSR), and the Korean Eppendorf Schizophrenia Inventory (K-ESI) were applied. Samples were classified according to four subtype groups (control, victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator) and characteristics of each group were compared. Results : Overall, the prevalence rate for bullying perpetration was 64.4% and the prevalence rate for bullying victimization was 63.4%, indicating involvement of more than half of students in school bullying. Bully-victims reported high social immaturity and depressive and suicidal tendency, whereas bully-perpetrators reported less social immaturity and more externalizing problems. Among the subtype groups, the victim-perpetrator group showed the most prominent depressive/anxiety tendency and behavioral problems. Conclusions : Both victimization and perpetration of bullying are common problems for child and adolescent groups and several psycho-social problems were found to be related. The results of this study will guide direction of future study and development of strategies for prevention of bullying.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2014

Purpose: This preliminary study is aimed at developing standardized tools for psycho-social assessment of patients in needs for hospice/palliative care. To accomplish the purpose, investigators examined effects of perceptions of social workers on the importance of psycho-social domains of assessment in hospice/palliative care settings. Moreover, investigators paid attention to variances of perceptions of social workers' along with types of institution and credentials of those family settings. Methods: A form of questionnaire was first explored from an initial interview assessment of 10 government-certified hospice care providers and a literature review, second constructed with eight domains and 80 items, and sent by e-mail to 55 institutions and hospitals providing hospice/palliative cares in Korea. Lastly, a total of 31 agencies returned with a completed responses and consent form (56% response rate). SPSS program (version 18.0) was used for data analysis. Results: Study found that social workers perceived patients' family background (m=4.53, 5-point scale) as the most important assessment domain, whereas economic conditions (4.06 point) the least important. Social workers' perception varied by credentials (i.e., license types, training, full-time position, types of care facility). Conclusion: Based upon study findings, investigators can conclude strong needs for developing a assessment tool that measures multiple domains (i.e., psychological, social and ecological aspects) of patients. A standardized assessment tool should be structured with 2 axis (center/core and expanded/peripheral) and tailored for institution type. Second, professional trainings must be provided by strengthening legal institutionalization and fostering qualified social workers with full responsibilities of hospice and palliative care patients.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-137
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• 1995

Maternity nurses' roles are to find out women's various responses related to the health problems during pregnancy, to intervene adequate nursing and supports, and to help them adapt satisfactorily to new situation, such as hospitalization. The purposes of this study are : firstly, to inquire about women's emotional status, feeling of discomfort, and the nursing need during hospitalization because of discomfort, and the nursing needs during hospitalization because of the possibility of abortion by threatened and habitual abortion : secondly, to provide fundamental data for developing adequate nursing intervention and improving hospital management. The subjects of this study were 62 women who were hospitalized, visited out-patient clinic for follow-up, and stayed at home after discharge since August, 1993 from one hospital located in Seoul, from March 23 to April 13, 1994. The questionnaire was consisted of 21 items of emotion(Reliability Cronbach's alpa, .77), 19 items of feeling of discomfort(.79), and 21 items of nursing needs (.89), and nurses' performance according to nursing needs,(.90). These were measured by using Likert Scale and analyzed by using SPSS / $PC^+$ with the descriptive statistics, $X^2$-test, and ANOVA. Research findings are as follows : 1) The subjects' average age, hospitalized days, and gestational age are 32.2, 15.7, 12.9 by respectively. 2) 88.7% of the subjects are getting antepatal care, 66.1% are experiencing 1.75 times of spontaneous abortion, and 82.3% are nuclear family. 3) The Emotions were mainly comprized negative and subjective state of minds such as uneasiness, anxiety, and discomfort. The domains of emotions were related to 'fetus', 'herself', 'hospitalization', and 'husband's 'families', in rank. The highest scored item was "I, above anyone else, am mostly stressed from abortion." 4) The feelings of discomforts were firstly related to 'personal discomfort arising from absolute bed rest', 'meals provided', Usage of hospital, perse', 'health team', in rank. 5) The nursing needs frequently pointed out were 'Nurses kindly explain of me the purpose, method, and results of the lab. test', 'Nurses sincerely pay attention to my word in communication'. The least nursing needs were 'Nurses observe my feces and whether I have constipation or not'. 'When I can't move, nurses help me by holding my arms or pulling my bed'. 6) The highest performed items were 'Nurses observe whether I bleed or not', and 'Nurses give me drug with exact dose in time'. The least performed items was about hospital environment, such as 'Temperature, ventilation & humidity in the room should be controlled'. 7) Besides religion that is related to nursing need with statistically significant difference, none of general characteristics were related to emotion, feeling of discomfort, and nursing needs.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.297-313
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• 2003

Problems caused by the U.S. military bases have attracted little attention until recently due to the national security of S.Korea and the peace of North-Eastern Asia, emphasized from the perspective of macro-geopolitics. However, since the political regime has been democratized and political discourses have been liberalized from the 1990s, those problems become a nation-widely serious social issue, though they have been brought about on the local areas. Thus, it can be suggested that micro-geopolitics is highly relevant and significant in approaching the local problems caused by the U.S. military bases, and ultimately resolving the macro-geopolitical problem of longstanding unfair relations in the SOFA and the withdrawal of U.S. troops. This paper aims to consider local problems caused by the U.S. military bases and resolving strategies from the perspective of micro-geopolitics. First of all, it discusses some significance of the micro-geopolitical perspective, as it has been recently emphasized in political geography in considering local problems and politics of life on the basis of place, then looks on empirically criminal and environmental problems caused by the U.S. military bases, analyses the questionnaire date on the perception of local dwellers around the military camps in Nam-gu Daegu, and finally suggests strategies to resolve those problems, which level up from the micro to the macro-scale of geopolitics.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1037-1048
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• 2010

Objectives : The awareness of health care need increasing attention from the public along with changing professional human-resources activity. As there are increasing social demand for the roles and professionalism of dental hygienists, the purpose of this study was to examine the job performance, creativity and organizational climate of dental hygienists by their own self-diagnostic evaluation in an attempt to help enhance their work ability. Methods : According to the data released as August 2008 by the Dental Association and public health centers in Gwangju, 735 dental hygienists worked at 425 dental clinics. The subjects in this study were 156 dental hygienists at 85 dental clinics who were selected by proportionate sampling method from among the dental hygienists. After an interview survey was conducted in person, the answer sheets from 132 respondents were analyzed except 24 incomplete ones. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of 49 items. A five-point Likert scale was used and SPSS 12.0 program was analyzed the data. Results : 1. As a result of checking the types of works, treatment cooperation(54%), and oral health education often(45%), They weren't responsible for preventive treatment(42%). 2. When they made a self-diagnostic evaluation of creativity and organizational climate, they put the highest value on their autonomy(2.21), followed by positive attitude(2.10). Out of seven organizational climate, challenging spirits(2.81) ranked highest, followed by reliability(2.66). 3. Major management eopmubyeol individual creativity compared with three business relationships and a positive attitude in the case of the high group received oral health education and care management services in a group doing the most was General office work and office assistance work in the medical assistance group that was doing business primarily. 4. In the relationship between self-assesment score and three performance duties, Positive difference was noted in the group with positive attitude and elevated autonomy in terms of performing oral health education. Conclusions : As a result, individual creativity and organization of the atmosphere, each detail, through analysis of the self-assessment model, developed guide on the investigation by doing a dental hygienist, a unique business promotion and Enlargement of the study suggested the need to be considered is.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2000

This study was to develop Korean version of Parenting Stress Scale. Primary research was processed thru Abidin's PSI(Parenting Stress Index) scale. For the pilot primary study, distri-buted questionnaire to the mothers who have three to twelve age children and tried factor analysis with 382 data sheets. At the result, 29 items and 5 factors among the 47 items of child domain, 28 items and 5 factors among the items of parent domain were extracted. At the secondary pilot study survey, reanalyzed the 57 items extracted by primary pilot survey with the 392 data collected from three to six age children's parents. For the item discrimination analysis, calculated item-total correlation and deleted the items under r=.20. For the validity test, reviewed content validity and construct validity. For the verification of construct validity, tried factor analysis. At the result, in child domain area, the four factors, 'Reinforces Parent's, 'Accep-tability', 'Attention Distractiveness', 'Demandingness' and 24 items were extracted. Among the common variance of child domain, 'explained common variance' was 82.05%. In parent domain area, the five factors, 'Restriction of Role', 'Depression', 'Social Isolation', 'Parent Health', 'Spouse Relationship' and 24 items were extracted. Among the common variance of parent domain, 'explained common dominator' was 82.40%. For the verification of reliability, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was calculated and in child domain, .69, .70, .67, .66 were produced by each item, respectively and total reliability coefficient was ${\alpha}$=.81. Reliability coefficient of parent domain was .73, .70, .70, .55, .73 by each item, respectively and total reliability coefficient was ${\alpha}$=.83. This study was processed as a primary research to develop the Korean version of parent stress scale which is originally from U.S.A. version of PSI and apply it to proper Korean culture. Therefore, the necessity of continuous study was discussed with more localized items and factors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2002

Summary：This study was designed to examine the effect of mother's depressive mood and parenting related attitude on parenting behavior, focusing on the cases having an ADHD child. Method：A total of 82 parents, 31 parents having children with ADHD and 51 normal, were involved in this study. The children of ADHD and normal group were 6-11 years old. ADHD group were diagnosed as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by psychiatric doctor and psychological evaluations using DSMIV criteria and the normal group were excluded by using Diagnostic Rating Scale-Parent, Teacher Form. The mothers of both group completed a series of questionnaire about mother's depressive mood and parenting-related attitude. To investigate the relationships between each variables, Student's t-test, correlation, stepwise regression, and hierarchical regression analysis were performed. Result：In correlation analysis, Mothers with an ADHD child were likely to report more coercive parenting behavior, more negative parenting-related attitudes, and depressive mood than normal group. In regression analysis, mother's parenting stress, dysfunctional thoughts, parenting competence, and depressive mood predicted coercive parenting behavior significantly, total explaining 50% of its variance, and especially depressive mood explained 29% of their coercive parenting behavior. These Results indicated that mother's depressive mood accounted for a substantial portion of coercive parenting behavior. Conclusion：These findings suggested that it is significantly important to reduce Mother's depressive mood through dealing with parenting sense of competence and dysfunctional thoughts, so, both parent education program and cognitive-behavioral therapeutic approach are needed to change parent's coercive parenting behavior. Finally, limitation of the present study and suggestions were discussed for further studies.