• Title/Summary/Keyword: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

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Analysis of Gliotransmitters in ADHD Mice (ADHD (주의력결핍 과잉행동장애) 생쥐 모델에서의 별아교세포 유래 신경전달물질 분석)

  • Kim, Ga-Yeon;Park, Jaewon;Yoon, Bo-Eun
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.597-604
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    • 2018
  • Although the core mechanisms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unknown, several ADHD-associated proteins have been studied. G-protein - coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1 (GIT1) is a multifunctional adapter protein that affects neuron growth and dendrite formation. GIT1-deficient mice have shown ADHD-like behavior and also recovered through amphetamine treatment. In this study, gliotransmitters were investigated in both intracellular and extracellular space from GIT1-deficient mice. To measure the amount of gliotransmitters, primary astrocyte cultures were taken from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of wild (WT), hetero (HE), and knock-out (KO) mice. Major gliotransmitters were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was observed that the amount of excitatory and inhibitory gliotransmitters were dependent on genotype and showed a change in excitation/inhibition ratios. Interestingly, the major excitatory gliotransmitter, glutamate, existed at the lowest level in WT mice, but the amount of inhibitory gliotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, varied depending on brain region. Remarkably, an increased amount of GABA was measured at the intracellular cerebrum in WT mice compared with KO mice. It was presumed that KO mice would secrete more inhibitory gliotransmitters to compensate for GIT1 depletion or else acquire a defect to reuptake-secreted GABA. This may be a possible mechanism for ADHD pathology.

The treatment of tic disorder in traditional chinese medicine (소아(小兒) 틱장애에 대한 중의학적(中醫學的) 치료(治療) 동향(動向) -$1995{\sim}2002$년(年)까지 중의잡지(中醫雜誌)를 중심(中心)으로-)

  • Shin, Jung-Ae;Kim, Lak-Hyung;Kim, Jeong-Yun;Jang, In-Soo
    • The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.141-155
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    • 2003
  • Method : Chronic motor tic or vocal tic disorders are characterized which have one of the two kinds of tics for more than a year. It is characterized chronic motor tic or vocal tic disorders that have one of the two kinds of tics for more than a year. But Tourette's disorder is a disease which has one or more motor tics and vocal tics for more than a year. Contemporary empirical studies have suggested the rate of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) or obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD) in children with tic disorders be high. Objects : As society is confusing, tic disorders are increasing. Therefore, determining the treatment strategy in children with tic disorders is very important. So we studied the literatures of traditional chinese medicine about tic disorders and reported the results. Results : The principals for medical treatment were So-gan(疏肝), I-gi(理氣), Sik-pung(熄風), Gin-kyung(鎭痙), Chung-oel(淸熱) etc. Medicines treatment is used more than acupuncture treatment. The herbs are used Uncariae ramulus et Uncus(釣鉤藤), Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Poria(白茯岺), Glycyrrhizae Radix(甘草), Bupleuri Radi.x(柴胡), Fossilia ossis Mastodi(龍骨) etc. in the order named. Acupuncture points were used Naegwan(PC6), Shinmuin(HT7), P'ungnyur4(ST40), Paek'oe. (GV20), Chung-wan(CV12), Samumgye(SP6), Kongson(SP4), T'aech'ung(LR3) and so on.

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Parents' Rearing Attitude of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Depressive Disorder (주의력결핍 과잉행동장애와 우울장애 아동 집단의 부모 양육태도)

  • Kim, So-Yeon;Hwang, Jun-Won;Kim, Boong-Nyun;Cho, Soo-Churl;Shin, Min-Sup
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.175-181
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    • 2008
  • Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the mothers' rearing attitude of ADHD children and that of children with depressive disorder. Methods: The participant consisted of 58 school-aged children diagnosed as ADHD, 14 children diagnosed as depressive disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. Normal control group consisted of 34 school-aged children who are free of any diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Parenting Style Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, Marital Satisfaction Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory were administered to all children and their mothers. Results: The parents of ADHD children showed more aggressive/hostile, neglecting/indifferent and less warm/affectionate parenting styles to their children than those of the depression and control groups. The depressive group perceived their parents as more rejecting than the control groups. Conclusion: The externalizing symptoms of ADHD might provoke parental distress and make it difficult for the parents to show positive rearing attitude toward their children. The depressive children might be more sensitive and perceptive to the negative sign of their parents' rearing attitude.

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Screening for depression and anxiety disorder in children with headache

  • Lee, Sang Mi;Yoon, Jung-Rim;Yi, Yoon Young;Eom, Soyong;Lee, Joon Soo;Kim, Heung Dong;Cheon, Keun-Ah;Kang, Hoon-Chul
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.58 no.2
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    • pp.64-68
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of initial screening tests for depression and anxiety disorders in children with headache. In addition, this study evaluated whether the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) are suitable for screening symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 720 children aged 7-17 years who had visited a pediatric neurology clinic for headaches and were referred to a pediatric psychiatric clinic for psychiatric symptoms from January 2010 to December 2011. All patients completed the CDI and RCMAS. Among them, charts of patients with clinically significant total scores (cutoff>15) for psychiatric symptoms, as defined by the CDI and RCMAS scoring scales, were reviewed. Results: Nineteen patients had headaches and clinically significant total scores for psychiatric symptoms. The mean age at headache diagnosis was 11.7 years, and 57% were male. Mean duration of headache was 11.5 months. Two point eight percent of the patients were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders including major depression (1.7%), generalized anxiety disorder (1.1%), and bipolar disorder (0.1%). Four patients (0.6%) were diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Total mean CDI and RCMAS scores of patients referred to the psychiatric clinic were 18.8 and 22.2, respectively. There was no correlation between CDI or RCMAS total scores and headache frequency, duration, or severity. Conclusion: We recommend that all patients with headache should be screened for depression and anxiety by CDI and RCMAS scores.

Preliminary Validation Study of the Korean Version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure: Depression and Irritability for Parents of Children Aged 6-17 Years

  • Shin, Min-Sup;Kim, Bung-Nyun;Jang, Mirae;Shin, Hanbyul;Seo, Gyujin
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.67-72
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    • 2022
  • Objectives: This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-Depression and the Irritability for parents of children aged 6-17 years. Methods: Participants were 190 children diagnosed with depressive disorder (n=14), anxiety disorder (n=21), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=111), ADHD with anxious depression (n=13), and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (n=31). Patients were 8-15 years of age. The participants' mothers completed the Korean versions of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-PROMIS Depression and Irritability (Affective Reactivity Index, ARI), and the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Using these data, we calculated the reliability coefficient and examined the concurrent and discriminant validity of the PROMIS Depression and the Irritability (ARI) scales for assessing depression and irritability in children. Results: The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Depression scale (Cronbach's α) was 0.93. The correlation coefficient with the K-CBCL DSM emotional problem score was 0.71. The PROMIS Depression scale significantly discriminated children with depressive disorders from those with other conditions. The reliability coefficient of the Irritability (ARI) scale was 0.91, suggesting its high reliability. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure for Depression and Irritability Scales for parents of children aged 6-17 years is reliable and valid and may be an efficient alternative to the K-CBCL.

The Learning Motivation Improvement Program in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) (주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동에서 학습동기증진프로그램)

  • NamKoong, Sun;Ahn, Dong-Hyun;Lee, Yang-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Motivational factor is a unique contributor to the typically poor academic performance of children with ADHD. However, few study has directly intervened learning motivation in children with ADHD. We conducted this study to explore the direct effects of the learning motivation improvement program applied to children with ADHD. Method The program was designed in order to increase an interest-inducing educational intervention, an academic skills integration, a basic learning activity (reading, writing, and math), and children's self-esteem. We conducted the program twice a week (total 10 sessions) and assessed learning motivation, teaming attitude, self-esteem, academic performance, and problem behaviors of participating children. Results : After the program, teachers reported improvement in teaming motivation. In addition, parents notified sisnificant reduction of problem behaviors. Children reported improvement in a few domains of teaming motivation and learning attitude. Conclusion : While loaming motivation is regarded as an important factor in education, there have been few studies considering this issue in both educational and psychiatric fields. The teaming motivation improvement would be needed in both field in order to reduce the deficits in academic performance in children with ADHD.

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The Relationship between Anxiety and Depression Symptoms of Children with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Their Parents (외상 후 스트레스장애 아동의 정신병리와 부모의 우울불안 증상과의 관계)

  • Park, Subin;Kim, So Yoon;Kwon, Oh-Hyang;Bae, Jeong-Hoon;Yoo, Hee Jeong
    • Anxiety and mood
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2013
  • Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the association between the children's psychopathology and age, intellectual quotient, and parental psychopathology in children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: The emotional and behavioral problems of 35 children with PTSD (23 boys, 12 girls, mean age, $10.26{\pm}2.47$ years) were investigated by retrospective chart review. Their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms were also investigated. We examined the correlations between children's psychopathology and their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their age and IQ. Results: There were positive correlations between maternal trait anxiety and depression, and children's emotional problems. State and trait anxiety of children with PTSD were positively correlated with age, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: Our results suggest that psychiatric manifestation of children who experienced trauma could differ according to the development stage, and the treatment of children with PTSD should involve parental education about the effect of maternal emotional states on children.

The Study on Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by Oriental Medicine Music Therapy (주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애의 원인(原因) 및 병기(病機)에 따른 한방음악치료의 기법(機法)에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Seung-Hyun;Kim, Yeo-Jin
    • The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.115-126
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    • 2009
  • Objectives The purpose of this study is to introduce oriental medicine music therapy related to the treatment of ADHD. Methods This study observed ADHD from the oriental medical point of view and tried to treat this disease with the oriental medicine music therapy. Results ADHD is caused by excess of Yang energy, flaming-up of fire, blood deficiency of the heart and the spleen, deficiency of the kidney essence, and instability of emotions. The ADHD patients with the case of excess of Yang energy and flaming-up of fire, patients were played Fire-Gi rhythm as a treatment, and they listened to Metal-Gi music. Whereas, the ADHD patient with blood deficiency of the heart and the spleen, invigoration of vital energy music therapy can be used. Another case of ADHD patients with deficiency of the kidney, Water-Gi rhythm and replenishing vital essence music therapy can be used. According to the patients' seven modes of emotions, the proper music should be chosen. Conclusions Oriental medicine music therapy can be a new type of treatment for ADHD patients.

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The Clinical Effect of Botulinum Toxin in a Patient with Tourette's Syndrome: A Case Report and Review (뚜렛 증후군에서 보툴리눔 톡신의 임상 효과 : 증례보고 및 고찰)

  • Hyun, Jung Keun;Lee, Jun Hyung;Lee, Chang Min;Lim, Myung Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.90-95
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    • 2013
  • Botulinum toxin, a neurotoxin, is known to be an inhibitor of cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. Recently, it was reported that the administration of botulinum toxin is effective for the treatment of focal neurological motor disorders such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spasmodic dysphonia, and writer's cramp. Several case studies reported that the botulinum toxin was administered for the treatment of motor tic or vocal tic. It was found that this toxin reduces the frequency and severity of the tic as well as the premonitory urge and symptoms. In our case study, a noticeable decrease of motor tic symptom was observed after an intramuscular injection of 300mg of botulinum toxin in an 18-year-old patient with Tourette's disorder who showed only a little improvement of motor tic and vocal tic symptoms after treatment with antipsychotic drugs for several years. This case is reported in our study and literature survey was undertaken for reviewing similar cases. In our study, an 18-year-old boy diagnosed with Tourette's disorder based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition presented with the following scores : the Clinical Global Impression scale, Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (motor/vocal/severity), Premonitory Urge Score, Korean Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating scale, and Kovac Depression scale which were performed prior to the treatment were 5, 21/5/50, 100, 17, and 18 points, respectively. Two weeks after the injection of botulinum toxin, the scores were 4, 17/5/40, 50, 16, and 19 points, respectively. Eight weeks after the injection of botulinum toxin, they had become 3, 15/5/30, 25, 16, and 20 points, respectively, which clearly indicates a noticeable decrease of motor tic symptom.

Development of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study

  • Kim, Mira;Chung, Sang-Keun;Yang, Jong-Chul;Park, Jong-Il;Nam, Seok Hyun;Park, Tae Won
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.146-153
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    • 2020
  • Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (K-PUTS). Methods: Thirty-eight patients with Tourette's disorder who visited Jeonbuk National University Hospital were assessed with the K-PUTS. Together with the PUTS, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scale (ARS), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were implemented to evaluate concurrent and discriminant validity. Results: The internal consistency of items on the PUTS was high, with a Cronbach's α of 0.79. The test-retest reliability of the PUTS, which was administered at 2 weeks to 2 months intervals, showed high reliability with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.60. There was a significant positive correlation between the overall PUTS score and the YGTSS score, showing concurrent validity. There was no correlation between the PUTS, CY-BOCS, and ASRS scores, demonstrating the discriminant validity of the PUTS. Factor analysis for construct validity revealed three factors: "presumed functional relationship between the tic and the urge to tic," "the quality of the premonitory urge," and "just right phenomena." Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the K-PUTS is a reliable and valid scale for rating premonitory urge of tics.