• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of non-stimulants, including atomoxetine, bupropion and modafinil, as alternative approaches to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A comprehensive review of the empirically based literature regarding the efficacy and the safety of the non-stimulants was performed. There is a large and increasing body of data supporting the efficacy and the safety of non-stimulants. Although the treatment effect sizes for non-stimulants may be smaller than those for stimulants, non-stimulants alone have been shown to be effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as several comorbidities. These results suggest that non-stimulants are effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of alternative pharmacological medications in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.56-68
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of Korean medicine therapy of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Methods Electronic research articles were selected by using NDSL, OASIS, KISS, KMBASE, K-portal, Pubmed, Cochrane, and Ebscohost. Results We analyzed fifteen studies about Korean medicine treatment of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. There are eleven studies on the acupuncture treatment, and the most commonly used acupoints were GV20 and EX-HN1. There are eight studies on the herb medicine treatment. The most commonly used herbal materials are Root of Rehmanniae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata, Root of Rehmanniae Radix et Rhizoma Preparata, Sclerotium of Poria cocos Wolf, and Rhizome of Acori Gramineri Rhizoma. Syncope and hematomas were common side effects of the acupuncture treatment. Also, the acupuncture needle can be stuck or bent during the treatment. In most studies, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders was improved when treated with Korean medicine. Conclusions More studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of Korean medicine in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. This study can be used for various studies of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2017

The purpose of the research was to examine the moderating effects of children's prosocial behavior on a potential relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. Participants consisted of 252, 3 year old including 136 boys and 116 girls. They were recruited from day care centers and preschools in Gyeonggi province and Incheon city. Prosocial behavior and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder syndrome were assessed based on teacher ratings. A peer nomination inventory was used to assess peer rejection and friendship. Children were asked to nominate three peers that they liked and considered friends as well as three peers that they did not like and did not consider friends. Findings suggested that prosocial behavior moderated the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. ADHD was related to peer rejection and fewer friends for children with lower levels of prosocial behavior. However, the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection was not significant for children who had higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not influence to friendship for children who had the higher levels of prosocial behavior. The results indicate that increasing prosocial behavior may improve peer relationship functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to examine the effects of social skills training program onto the children with tendency of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: This study used nonequivalent control group pre/post-test quasi-experimental research design. The subjects were 18 children with tendency of attention- deficit hyperactivity in D City. The subjects were divided into two groups, an experimental group of 8 children and a control group of 10. The program consisted of 20 sessions of 60 minutes per session, 5 days a weeks, for 4 weeks. The research tools included Conner's Teacher Rating Scales (CTRS) and Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). The collected data were analyzed using $x^2$ test, Mann-Whitney test on the SPSS 17.0 program. Results: a) the scores for cooperation, self-assertiveness, self-control and empathy increased significantly in the experimental group, compared to the control group. b) the scores for social skills increased significantly in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Conclusion: It appears that the social skills training program is a useful nursing intervention to improve the social skills for children with tendency of attention-deficit hyperactivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of snack intake and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) among 284 children aged $4{\sim}7$ years. The degree of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) were assessed by both children's mother and their teachers using Behavior check list. The subjects who had a higher ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) score ate more pizza, hamburger, chicken, processed milk, carbonated beverage. These results indicate ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) were related positively for snack(pizza, hamburger, chicken, processed milk, carbonated beverage etc.) intake.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

Objectives ： The current review aimed to describe the major findings of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) with regard to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods ： We performed a general review of the literature regarding the efficacy of the MTA's proposed treatments. Results ： There is a large and still increasing body of evidence regarding the MTA's treatment outcomes. We present and discuss details of the findings at each follow-up point. Conclusion ： Currently, findings regarding the MTA's treatments suggest children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence, despite their initial symptom improvement. Further studies, using innovative treatment approaches and targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment, are needed in order to enhance ADHD treatment outcomes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.285-297
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the associations among attention deficit/hyperactivity, social withdrawal, peer relationships, and depression in early adolescence. Gender differences in the associations were also examined. This study investigated these relationships and the gender differences using structural equation modeling multi-group analysis. The third wave data from Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) of fourth graders were analyzed. The results indicated that attention deficit/hyperactivity had significant effects on depression directly and indirectly through social withdrawal and peer relationships. These results suggest that new programs should be developed to prevent or alleviate depression associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity among adolescents. Specifically, social withdrawal and peer relationships need to be emphasized in planning prevention or intervention programs to promote mental health of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

The effectiveness of behavior group counseling using the games of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) was studied with 24 primary school children (12 each in the experimental and in the control groups). The subjects were selected on the basis of the Abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised. The counseling program consisted of 12 sessions over a 6-week period. Effectiveness of the training was evaluated with the Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised, the ADHD teacher's rating scale, and the Korea-Child Behavior Checklist. Findings were that the group receiving counseling exhibited improved attention, social relationships, and self control. They also exhibited decreased carelessness-passivity, hyperactivity, hostility and fewer behavior problems.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.935-943
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• 2008

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity, as well as forgetfulness, poor impulse control or impulsivity, and distractibility. The recommended evaluation includes documenting the type and severity of ADHD symptoms, verifying the presence of normal vision and hearing, screening for comorbid psychological conditions, reviewing the child's developmental history and school performance, and applying objective measures of cognitive function. Prevailing opinion characterizes ADHD as a disorder of executive function attributable to abnormal dopamine transmission in the frontal lobes and frontostriatal circuitry. A clearly defined etiology remains unknown, but studies suggest a strong genetic link. The aim of treatment is to decrease symptoms, enhance functionality, and improve well-being for the child and his or her close contacts. Stimulants remain the pharmacological agents of first choice for the management of ADHD, and psychosocial, behavioral and educational strategies that enhance specific behaviors may improve educational and social functioning in children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.