• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1990

Follicular atresia is a universal and characteristic phenomenon of both non-mammalian and mammalian vertebrates. Generally it is estimated that greater than 99% of follicles become atretic in higher domestic animals and human. The number of selected follicles developing to the preovulatory stage are thus fewer. Follicles can become atretic at any stage of development. The previous studies emphasized on descriptive and retrospect aspects of a limited population of the fully grown preovulatory follicle. The main efforts in ovarian physilogical researches are focused on follicular development culminating in ovulation but recent advances have resulted in a better understanding of atresia. Nowadays, recent studies are concentrated on the induction of atresia in a selected population of follicles and of the associated cellular, endocrine, biochemical and molecular changes. The factors initiating atresia and follicle selections are worthy of investigations. Another intriguing question is whether one can predict when a follicle will become atretic, i.e., what biochemical markers indicate that a follicle is destined for atresia. It is generally agreed that atretic process may vary even in antral follicles at different stages of their differentiations and among species. The dicisive factors are follicular responsiveness and the hormonal milieu. Some generalizations can be made on the basis of experimental induction of atresia. Alteration of the pattern of follicular steroid production is associated with the initiation stage of atretic process. Atresia appears to be a process unfolding gradually and affecting progressively in increasing number of functions and components of the follicle. The oocyte may be the latest to be afflicted in the atretic process. The high steroidogenic activity of atretic follicles lends support to the notion that atresia is not necessarily a degenerative process and that atretic follicles may play an essential role in ovarian physiology. The simultaneous occurence of growth and atretic processes may render the search for regulatory mechanisms involved in atresia difficult extremely. The questions such as how follicles are selected to undergo ovulation rather than atresia or what the mechanism of atresia is remain unanswered. However, the factors regulating or modifying ovarian hormonal milieu for the initiation of follicular growth and maturation or of atresia are being elucidated.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1052-1055
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• 1994

Congenital esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula which called isolated esophageal atresia is a very rare entity and the neonate classified as category C by Waterston`s classification has high mortality rate. We experienced a case of isolated esophageal atresia. This patient was a male with 1,750gm in body weight and had been suffered from bilateral pneumonia. The patient was managed with staged operation. Feeding gastrostomy was made as the first intervention and delayed primary anastomosis was performed 3 months later. The postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on the 22nd postoperative day.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 1994

Early recognition, vigorous preoperative preparation, sophisticated supportive care, control of sepsis, and intensive care nursing have produced remarkably improved results in the management of esophageal atresia. Successful surgery for esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula was carried out recently. Two neonates with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula were type C. Transpleural end-to-end repair was carried out after gastrostomy due to low birth weight in case I associated with ventricular septal defect. Case 2 underwent primary retropleural end-to-end repair. A simple one-layer anastomosis with the sutures passing through all layers of`the esophagus was performed in all cases.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2011

The persistence of jaundice beyond the first 2 weeks of life require further investigation and this can be determined if the conjugated bilirubin levels are greater than 1.5 mg/dL or greater than 20% of the total bilirubin level. There is a diverse differential diagnosis for the cause of neonatal cholestasis due to hepatobiliary disease including biliary atresia, which eventually leads to liver cirrhosis if uncorrected before 60~80 days of life. Long-established initial studies include abdominal ultrasonography, hepatobiliary scintigraphy and liver biopsy, but better diagnostic methods are needed. Promising new options are described including MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiography), ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiography), and PCC (percutaneous cholecysto-cholangiography). Though no single test can differentiate biliary atresia from other neonatal cholestasis with confidence, a combination of diagnostic methods is usually consistently beneficial. By excluding biliary atresia as early as possible, the risk of unnecessary explolaparotomy with intraoperative cholangiography is decreased. Further evaluation would be required for the diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis after excluding biliary atresia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1045-1048
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• 1995

Pulmonary atresia with VSD is uncommon congenital anomaly with high mortality in neonatal period.Recently we experienced surgical correction of pulmonary atresia with VSD. The case was 2 month old male patient diagnosed as pulmonary atresia with VSD and PDA. Atretic pulmonary artery segment from Rt ventricular infundibulum to pulmonary artery was lcm in length. The pulmonary trunk tapered toward Right ventricular infundibulum and resulted in blind pouch with diameter of lmm. The left pulmonary artery was stenosed at just proximal and distal part to which PDA was connected. Total correction was undertaken which consisted of PDA ligation, dacron patch closure of VSD, establishment of continuity between right ventricle and pulmonary artery with autogenous pericardium. Postoperative systolic fight ventricular pressure and left ventricular pressure ratio was 0.7. In patient with pulmonary atresia with VSD it is advisable to perform a corrective operation, whenever the size and anatomy of pulmonary artery are acceptable for it.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.780-785
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• 1987

Pulmonary atresia with VSD is uncommon congenital anomaly with high mortality in neonatal period. Recently we experienced surgical correction of 2 cases of pulmonary atresia with VSD. The first case was 7-year old female patient and diagnosed as pulmonary atresia with VSD combined PDA. So, total correction was undertaken which consisted of PDA ligation, patch repair of VSD, transannular enlargement of RVOT with woven Dacron vascular graft, and closure of PFO. Postoperative systemic Rt. ventricular and radial artery pressure ratio was 0.44 and her postoperative course was uneventful. The second case was 6-year old male patient diagnosed as pulmonary atresia with VSD and large systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries. There were two large systemic-pulmonary collaterals, one was simply controlled by ligation, but the other was considered to supply Rt. upper lung. So end to side anastomosis was performed to the RVOT patch. Postoperative systolic Rt. ventricular and radial artery pressure ratio was 0.54. During the follow up period he showed clinical picture of Rt. heart failure, which is relatively well controlled with anticongestive therapy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.637-639
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• 1995

Congenital esophageal anomaly with or without tracheoesophageal fistula was rare congenital disease.We experienced 6 cases of congenital esophageal atresia, with tracheoesophageal fistula [5 cases and one esophageal atresia without fistula, were treated in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym university, from May, 1992 to July, 1994. The type of four cases were upper blind pouch and lower tracheo or broncho esophageal fistula and one case H-type fistula with no esophageal atresia, and the one case was esophageal atresia without fistula. We performed modified Haight`s method, one case was primary closure with feeding gastrostomy and stomach interposition. Three were died due to respiratory failure on 7 and 9th postoperative days.Three were recovered uneventfully.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 1972

The esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula occurs approximately once in 3, 000 live births. In Korea, about 20 cases were reported with five successful surgical corrections. The atresia characteristically occurs at the level of, or just cephalad to, the carina and is associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula. In about 90% of the cases, the upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch, and the lower esophageal segment communicates with the trachea through the membranous posterior wall just above the carina. Many of the Infants with esophageal atresia have other congenital anomalies. The most common of these are congenital cardiac anomalies, imperforate anus, genitourinary malformations, and intestinal atresia. Recently we experienced four cases of esophageal atresia, of which three were Gross type C and one was type A. Two of them were treated by primary repair, and one [type A] was taken cervical esophagostomy and gastrostomy. The another was refused surgery.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.393-396
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• 2003

Ileal atresia, a subtype of intestinal atresia, is one of the well-recognized causes of bowel obstruction in newborns. Prenatal diagnosis of intestinal atresia is very important in its management and outcome. Unfortunately, there are few cases of ileal atresia diagnosed prenatally, so more appropriate diagnoses and management plans are needed. As an associated gastrointestinal malformation with ileal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is rarely reported. We report one case of postnatally diagnosed ileal atresia associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which was complicated initially by bowel perforation and later by vomiting due to pyloric obstruction. Vomiting in the postoperative period is a common problem. But, if vomiting continues after the operation for ileal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis should be considered as a possible cause of medically retractable non-bilious vomiting.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2020

The coexistence of craniofacial cleft and bilateral choanal atresia has only been reported in three cases in the literature, and only one of those cases involved a Tessier number 3 facial cleft. It is also rare for bilateral choanal atresia to be found in adulthood, with 10 previous cases reported in the literature. This report presents the case of a 19-year-old woman with a Tessier number 3 facial cleft who was diagnosed with bilateral choanal atresia in adulthood. At first, the diagnosis of bilateral choanal atresia was missed and septoplasty was performed. After septoplasty, the patient's symptoms did not improve, and an endoscopic examination revealed previously unnoticed bilateral choanal atresia. Computed tomography showed left membranous atresia and right bony atresia. The patient underwent an operation for opening and widening of the left choana with an image-guided navigation system (IGNS), which enabled accurate localization of the lesion while ensuring patient safety. Postoperatively, the patient became able to engage in nasal breathing and reported that it was easier for her to breathe, and there were no signs of restenosis at a 26-month follow-up. The patient was successfully treated with an IGNS.