• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.427-428
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• 2008

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.575-585
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• 2000

서울지역의 질량 및 중금속 건식침적량과 대기중 입자의 입경분포를 1998년 7월부터 11월까지 건식침적판, 다단계 관성충돌 채취기(Cascade Impactor) 및 조대업자 채취기(Coarse Particle Sampler)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 인위적 오염원에 기인한 중금속(Cu, Mn, Ni, Pt, Zn)의 건식침적량이 주로 자연적 오염원에 기인한 중금속(Al, Ca)의 건식침적량에 비하여 약 10배에서 100배 정도 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 완전한 총 입자 및 중금속 입자의 입경분포는 입자 입경이 $10{\mu}m$보다 작은 영역에서 두 개의 peak를 보이고 $10{\mu}m$보다 큰 입자 영역에서 또다른 peak을 보이는 삼봉형(trimodal) 입경분포를 보여주었다. Sehmel-Hodgson 모델을 사용하여 건식침적속도를 추정하고 이를 이용하여 총 입자 및 중금속 입자의 건식침적량을 계산하기 위하여 다단계 모델(Multi-step model)을 사용하였다. 이 방법에 의하면, 건식침적량은 입자의 입경이 $10{\mu}m$보다 큰 입자들의 높은 건식침적속도에 의하여 크게 영향을 받고 이로부터 건식침적은 $10{\mu}m$보다 큰 입자들의 침적이 대부분을 차지한다는 것을 보여주었다. 측정된 입자의 입경분포와 추정된 건식침적속도를 이용하여 다단계 모델을 통하여 예측된 건식침적량은 직접 측정된 건식침적량과 비교하였을 때 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.585-594
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• 2000

Through an application of Micrometerorological methods, we conducted measurements of Hg fluxes from Nan-Ji-Do which is well known as one of the major local areal sources in Seoul metropolitan area during Match/April of 2000. In the course of our study, we determined the concentration gradients of total gaseous Hg(between 20 and 2000 cm heights) and combined these data with Micrometerorological components to derive is fluxes. It turned out that emission from and dry deposition to soil surfaces occurred at the ratio of 72:27 from a total of 271 hourly measurements. The validity of measured concentration gradients( or resulting fluxes) was evaluated in terms of percent gradient. Accordingly, about more than 95% of gradient data derived were statistically significant. The mean fluxes of Hg across soil-air interface, when computed using the concentrations gradients and relevant parameters, were found at 253(during emission) and -846ng/$m^2$/h(during dry deposition) The occurrences of abnormalously high exchange rates appear to be the combined effects of enormously high gradient values and high transfer coefficients. While the emissions of Hg occurred constantly during the whole study periods, the occurrences of dry deposition events were observed most intensively during very limited time periods(3/29 and 4/3). The results of our study cleary indicated that the studied area is a strong local areal source, while exhibiting great potential as a major sink simultaneously.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.294-305
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to estimate the chemical compositions and to identify qualitative sources of fall-out particles in study area. Also, this study used a spatial analysis to estimate spatial distributions and average deposition flux. In this study, the chemical compositions of fall-out particle samples collected at Muncheon lake from May 2010 to January 2011 were analyzed by ICP and IC. The monthly trend of deposition fluxes for fall-out particles showed highest in June ($107.61kg/km^2/day$) and lowest in October ($22.22kg/km^2/day$). The average fluxes of Fe, Si, Al, Zn and Ba are 0.44, 0.24, 0.20, 0.17, $0.09kg/km^2/day$, respectively. Also, the average fluxes of $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NH_4^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Na^+$ are 6.48, 5.01, 4.96, 1.75, $1.37kg/km^2/day$, respectively. A Factor analysis identified four sources such as 1) nonferrous metal, motor vehicle, and agriculture, 2) soil, 3) field burning, incineration, and 4) road dust and oil burning. The IDW (inverse distance weighting) spatial analysis method was used to estimate spatial distribution and average deposition flux for fall-out particles. A total average deposition fluxes estimated in Muncheon lake were 936.15 kg/month. The spatial distribution trend of deposition flux showed higher at site 1 and 2 than at site 3, 4 because local road is adjacent to the site 1 and 2.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2016

Wet deposition fluxes of ions at a coastal site in southwestern Japan in the period 1996-2003 were investigated to quantify the respective contributions of cyclone-, stationary front- and typhoon-associated rains. On average, the deposition fluxes of terrigenous-origin ions, nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ were $37.6{\pm}7.3$, $16.3{\pm}4.2$, $19.0{\pm}3.4$ and $9.6{\pm}4.8meq\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, and those of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$, the major ions in sea water, were $97.0{\pm}38.2$ and $115.2{\pm}48.2meq\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Cyclone-associated rain constituted more than 50% of the fluxes of the terrigenous ions in almost all years. Stationary front-associated rain also contributed significantly, although the contribution was lower than the contribution by Cyclone-associated rain in almost all years. In particular, the wet deposition flux of nitrogen compounds of $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$, which are important nutrients for micro-bioactivities in sea surface water, was dominated by cyclone-associated rain. Due to the extreme abundance of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in the rainwater of typhoons, the fluxes of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were contributed substantially by typhoons in years with typhoons' passage although cyclones were still the largest contributor to the fluxes. These results indicate the dominance of cyclones in the wet deposition to the East China Sea areas and the necessity to take rain types into account for a more accurate elucidation of the temporal and spatial variation of the wet deposition.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

One technique for determining dry acid deposition fluxes involves measurement of time - averaged ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species using filter packs (FP) coupled with estimates of mean deposition velocities for the exposure period. A critical problem associated with filter pack data comparisons between various field sampling networks is the use of diverse sampling flow rates and duration protocols. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sampling flow rates, from 1.5 to 10 standard liters per minute, on total nitrate and sulfate measurements of specific dry acid deposition species . Collocated FP samplers were used to determine sampling and analysis data reproducibility and representativeness . Ambient air samples were simultaneously collected using groups of filter packs operated at various flow rates over identical 7 day periods. The species measured were sulfur dioxide, particulate sulfate , nitric acid and particulate nitrate. Statistical results (ANOVA; alpha level 5%) showed that neither the low nor high sampling flow rates caused a significant difference in the measurements of total sulfate and adjusted total nitrate (ATN) . However, it was concluded that for high flow rate sampling measurements, total nitrate (TN) could be affected during extended sampling durations because of potential nitric acid overloading and breakthrough. Although the previous workers (Costello, 1990; Quillian, 1990) used much higher sampling flow rates (~ 17 sLpm) than employed here, it was assumed that for a high loading (> 50$\mu\textrm{g}$ HNO$_3$) of nitric acid on the Nylon filters, a significant fraction (~10%) of nitric acid could pass through the Nylon filters and be collected on the carbonate impregnated filters. It was concluded that even at the highest sampling flow rate employed (10 sLpm) at the Cary Forest site, nitric acid breakthrough was less than 10% of the total HNO$_3$ collected. However, for a heavily polluted urban airshed or with longer sampling times , higher filter loadings could result in substantial nitric acid breakthrough and HNO$_3$concentrations would be underestimated.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.121-122
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• 2003

Deposition to the sea surface is one of ozone's principal loss mechanisms (Galbally and Roy, 1980; Levy et al., 1985; Kramm, 1995). However, since complicated physical and chemical processes are involved, large uncertainties remain in evaluating this loss mechanism that need to be better characterized. In this study we attempted to explore possible causes that give rise to large variability of ozone deposition velocity in terms of wind speed and chemical reactivity in the aqueous-phase film. (omitted)

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.87-88
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• 2001

대기오염물질 제거에 중요한 역할을 하는 침적 현상은 크게 건성침적(dry deposition)과 습성침적(wet deposition)으로 구분된다. 건성침적은 오염물질이 중력이나 분자 확산에 의해 지면이나 그 부근에 침강ㆍ흡착하는 현상이며, 습성침적은 구름 속의 에어로졸이 응결핵으로 제거되는 성우제거(rainout)와 구름 이하의 고도에서 강수에 의해 제거되는 세척제거(washout)와 같은 현상을 일컫는다. 습성침적은 강수 및 구름 물리와 관련하여 대기 중 오염물질 제거에 큰 비중을 차지함에도 불구하고 건성침적에 비해 그 연구가 미흡한 실정이며, 침적 모형을 이용한 연구는 더욱 찾아보기 어렵다. (중략)

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 1995

Despite considerable progresses made in our understanding of environmental fate of pollutants stemming from animal production systems, relatively little is known about the processes and mechanisms regulating their dispersement (via emission) into and deposition from the earth's atmospheric system. Here we present and summarize up-to-date knowledge on this topic with a main emphasis on their origin, physico-chemical characteristics, and geochemical distribution behavior.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.109-111
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• 2000

지금까지 대기침적량의 산정에는 크게 대기중의 오염물질 농도와 침적속도를 이용하여 추정하는 방법 (atmospheric flux methods)과 대리표면을 이용하여 건성침적량을 직접 측정하는 표면분석 방법(surface analysis methods)이 주로 이용되고 있다. 전자는 대기중 오염물질 농도를 관측ㆍ분석함으로써 eddy correlation, aerodynamic gradient methods 등의 미기상학적인 방법이 여기에 해당되며 균일하지 못한 표면이나 중력침강이 주가되는 조대입자에 대해 사용이 제한되는 단점이 있다. 이에 반해 대체표면을 사용하는 방법은 일반적으로 시료채취 및 분석과정에 있어서 통제가 용이하기 때문에 현재 광범위하게 널리 사용되고 있다. (중략)