• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.641-652
• /
• 1995

Working as nurses, authors found that some patients were not content with their hospital life. Some patients wanted to move to another ward, and others complained about their ward atmosphere. In spite of patients' discomfort, nurses didn't know what made some patients complain about their ward. So, authors tried to find factors that influence atmosphere of hospital wards of the neurosurgery patients. To know the atmosphere of wards, authors selected five neurosurgery ward of a university hospital in Seoul. Observation took a month. An author observed using molar approach, in the morning, in the day time, and in evening time. Authors used concealment /no intervention technique. An author checked condition of people in the wards, and observed their verbal and nonverbal communication behavior their activities and environmental characteristics, and interpreted their meaning through ethnographic research methodology by Spradly. Authors found there was an important factors that influence the atmosphere of ward. It was a human and his attitude. At least one person who was willing to help others made ward atmosphere better. Helping others physically whenever needed, sup-porting the depressed emotionally, offering foods, or talking to others friendly brought good atmosphere. On the contrary, if everyone was indiffernt to others, the atmosphere became cold. Self-centered or selfish behaviors such as occupying too much area, using the toilet too long, covering other's suction bottle without permission and seeing others delicate or urinate were hurtful. In addition to the attitude of patients and their families, unkindness of medical teams including nurses and doctors and tasteless meal caused bad ward atmosphere. Based on this research finding, authors suggest the followings. A For the better atmosphere of ward 1. Nurses should try to make the ward atmosphere better by introducing new patient to older ones. 2. Every ward should have dividing curtains to keep patient's privacy. 3. All hospital personnel should be kind enough to make patients feel that they are repected. 4. Hospital should serve high quality meals to patients. 5. Patients had better stay with those in the similar condition. B. For the future studies 1. Repeated researches are necessary to check reliability of this results. 2. Researches for patients in different area such as ICU, or hemodialysis unit are necessary.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.351-357
• /
• 1997

In the Atmosphere under the various physical and chemical condition different chemical reactions occur and there are a number of air pollutants which are generated by photochemical reaction by absorbing solar energy. Therefor various testing simulation was done as foundation work to develop the numerical model for the prediction of concentration of air pollutants. It was shown change of msjor air pollutants concentration In according to variation of photodissociation speed constant, Kl and Initial condition of air pollutants concentration which plays major role In photochemical reaction. The photochemical reaction model which was used In this study Is found to be useful for understanding relationship among the concentration of reacting air pollutants and the prediction of concentration of air pollutants in urban atmosphere.

• 한국분무공학회지
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2001

Recently LPG engine is developed to fulfill such new requirements as improved fuel efficiency in additional to further reduced exhaust emission. This experimental study is conducted to analyze spray characteristics for pintle type injector used in a LPLi (Liquid Phase LPG injection) engine. Since spray parameters including penetration length and spray angle make a role to design injector and engine intake system, spray visualization experiment is performed under atmosphere ambient and charging condition using Mie scattering method. From the experimental result under various LPG formation, the increased propane component decreases penetration length because boiling point of propane is lower than butane. To simulate intake charging condition in MPI engine, spray visualization is performed under high pressure condition. As a result, as ambient pressure is increased from atmosphere to 3.0 bar, penetration length is decreased. However, as ambient pressure is increased from atmosphere to 3.0 bar, spray angle is increased.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 1972

This experiment was conducted to observe the changes of composition of atmosphere in storage room by controlled ventilation under normal and sub-atmospheric conditions, and the biochemical changes in apple texture under these conditions. The results were as follows; 1) By controlled ventilation, concentration of carbon dioxide in storage room was optionally regulated and constantly maintained. 2) Among compositions of internal atmosphere of apple, especially, concentration of ethylene was much decreased at apple stored under sub-atmospheric condition than that stored under normal atmospheric condition. 3) Acidity of apple stored under sub-atmospheric condition was much greater than that of apple stored under normal atmospheric condition. 4) Respiratory quotients of apple, which was stored under normal and sub-atmospheric conditions, were shown to be high. But decarboxylation of added pyruvate was found more active in slices prepared from apple stored under sub-atmospheric condition.

• 산업진흥연구
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 2016

IGZO의 접합특성을 조사하기 위해서 진공 중에서와 대기 중에서 열처리를 하여, 전지적인 특성을 조사하였다. 진공 중에서 열처리를 한 IGZO는 비정질특성을 나타내었지만 대기 중에서 열처리를 하면 결정질 특성을 가졌다. 열처하는 방법에 따라서 산소공공의 함량이 달라지기 때문이다. 대기 중에서 열처리를 하면 IGZO의 산소공공이 증가하였다. 산소공공은 전류를 증가시키고 따라서 대기 중에서 열처리를 한 IGZO는 오믹 접합을 나타내었다. 그러나 진공 중에서 열처리를 한 IGZO는 쇼키접합을 나타냈다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 2000

질소분위기 중에서 솔더 접합부의 특성 및 solderability을 검토하기 위하여 대기분위기와 질소분위기에서의 젖음성을 평가하였다. 또한 솔더접합부의 브리지결함(bridge defect)을 대기와 질소분위기 중에서 비교 검토하였다. 이 결과, 질소분위기 중에서 Cu표면을 사포로 연마한 시편, Cu표면에 Sn-Pb 및 Sn으로 도금한 시편에서 젖음성이 향상되었다. 대기분위기에 비해 젖음시간은 약 0.2~0.45초 정도 시간이 감소하였고, 최대젖음력 ($F_{max}$)도 대기중에 비해 약 1.8~2.8 N 정도가 커졌다. 질소유량에 따른 젖음시간($t_2$)과 젖음력을 측정한 견과 질소유량이 10 1/min에서 30 1/min으로 증가함에 따라 대기중 분위기에 비해 젖음시간($t_2$)는 약 0.25초 정토 감소하였고, 젖음력은 2.3 N 정도 상승하였다. 따라서, 질소분위 기에서 무세정용 플럭스를 사용해도 젖음성이 떨어지는 것을 보완 할 수 있다. 질소분위기에서는 젖음성을 향상시키고 산화물(dross)를 억제시켜주어 대기 중 보다 브리지 (Bridge)발생률이 25~76%정도 떨어졌다. 브리지 발생률은 피치간격이 미세할수록 질소분위기가 대기 중 보다 감소하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.59-63
• /
• 2003

The microstructural characteristics of $Al_2$$O_3$/Cu composites hot-pressed at different temperatures for atmosphere switching from $H_2$to Ar have been studied. When the composite atmosphere was switched at $1000^{\circ}C$ it led to more homogeneous microstructure than when the atmosphere was switched at $1450^{\circ}C$. The strong sensitivity of Cu to atmosphere, especially the oxygen content in the atmosphere, was found to be responsible for the observed change, based upon the interfacial phenomena related to the formation of $CuAlO_2$. The practical implication of these results is that an optimum processing condition for the design of homogeneous microstructure and stable properties can be established.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제6권10호
• /
• pp.936-941
• /
• 2000

Advanced space transportation systems, such as the National Aerospace Plane or an Orbital Transfer Vehicle, have atmospheric maneuvering capabilities. For such vehicles the use of aeroassisted orbital transfer from a high Earth orbit to a low Earth orbit, with unpowered flight in the atmosphere, has the potential for significant fuel savings compared to exoatmospheric Hohmann transfer. However, to exploit the fuel savings that can be achieved by using the Earths atmosphere to reduce the vehicles energy, a guidance law is required, and it must be able to handle large unpredictable fluctuations in atmospheric density, on the order of ${\pm}$50% relative to the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere. In this paper aeroassisted orbital transfer is considered as a differential game, with Nature controlling the atmosphere density to yield a worst case (min-max fuel required) atmosphere, from which the guaranteed playable set boundary are achieved. Inside the playable set, it is guaranteed that the vehicle achieves the optimal atmospheric exit condition for the minimum fuel consumption regardless of the atmospheric density variations.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.303-309
• /
• 1998

The fabrication of Al2O3/Al composite by pressureless infiltration was investigated by the change of Mg and Si content in Al alloy infiltration process and infiltration atmosphere. The effect of alloying elements infiltration atmosphere and interfacial reactants between Al alloy matrix and Al2O3 particles were in-vestigated in terms of bendingstrength and harness test,. The fabrication of Al2O3/Al composite by the vestigated in terms of bending strength and hardness test. The fabrication of Al2O3/Al composite by the pressureless infiltration was done in nitrogen atmosphere with Mg in Al alloy. It was successfully fabricated at $700^{\circ}C$ according to Mg contents in Al alloy and infiltration condition. Because Mg in the Al alloy and ni-trogen atmosphere of infiltratio condition produced Mg-N compound(Mg3N2) it decreased the wetting an-gle between molten Al alloy and Al2O3 particles by coating on surface of Al2O3 particles. The fracture strength of Al2O3/Al-Mg composite was 800MPa and Al2O3/Al-Si-Mg composite was 400MPa. Si in Al alloy decreased the interfacial strength between Al alloy matrix and Al2O3 particles.

• 전기학회논문지
• /
• 제63권11호
• /
• pp.1575-1581
• /
• 2014

In this paper, eddy current loss, iron loss and heat transfer of PMSG with 2,000kW capacities were analyzed for wind turbine. The PMSG with 3 split magnet was analyzed using ansoft maxwell commercial program and, generator was tested by Back to Back converter with no load condition at laboratory. Rotor surface temperature was measured by Pt100 sensors for investigating heat transfer from rotor to atmosphere. The simulation results shows 27.4kW eddy current loss in no load condition and 50.2kW eddy current loss in rated load condition with 3 split magnet, and also shows 4.3kW iron loss in no load condition and 7.3kW iron loss rated load condition. The heat transfer coefficient of convection between rotor surface and atmosphere was investigated by $9.6W/m^2{\cdot}K$. Therefore the heat transfer from rotor to atmosphere was about 17kW(54%) and from rotor to air-gap was about 14.6kW(46%) in no load condition. It is identified that the cooling system for stator have to include the 46% of iron loss, and heat dissipation structure of rotor surface have to be suggested and designed for efficiency improvement of generator.