• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.501-509
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to review the effects of the physical fatigue induced by overtraining on cognitive information processing and emotional change of athletes by neurophysiologic study. And to provide basic data for the athletes and coaches in the sports field to improve understanding of the overtraining symptoms from the brain physiological point of view. We reviewed the domestic and international academic materials and research reports published in the last 20 years using electronic databases and examined the literature that is consistent with the purpose of this study among the retrieved documents. Based on the reviewed literature, we examined the cognitive information processing and emotional change of the athlete according to the training, and overtraining can accumulate the fatigue of the body, which can cause severe side effects in terms of cognitive ability and emotional ability of athletes as well as deterioration of performance. The study using P300 and EEG cerebral hemispheric asymmetry difference indices also confirmed the possibility of a new approach to understand psychological and physiological effects of overtraining on information processing and emotional changes.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-120
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• 1990

The underpricing of new shares of a firm that are offered to the public for the first time (initial offerings) is well known and has puzzled financial economists for a long time since it seems at odds with the optimal behavior of the owners of issuing firms. Past attempts by financial economists to explain this phenomenon have not been successful in the sense that the explanations given by them are either inconsistent with the equilibrium theory or implausible. Approaches by such authors as Welch or Allen and Faulhaber are no exceptions. In this paper, we develop a signalling model of capital investment to explain the underpricing phenomenon and also analyze the efficiency of investment. The model focuses on the information asymmetry between the owners of issuing firms and general investors. We consider a firm that has been owned and operated by a single owner and that has a profitable project but has no capital to develop it. The profit from the project depends on the capital invested in the project as well as a profitability parameter. The model also assumes that the financial market is represented by a single investor who maximizes the expected wealth. The owner has superior information as to the value of the firm to investors in the sense that it knows the true value of the parameter while investors have only a probability distribution about the parameter. The owner offers the representative investor a fraction of the ownership of the firm in return for a certain amount of investment in the firm. This offer condition is equivalent to the usual offer condition consisting of the number of issues to sell and the unit price of a share. Thus, the model is a signalling game. Using Kreps' criterion as the solution concept, we obtained an essentially unique separating equilibrium offer condition. Analysis of this separating equilibrium shows that the owner of the firm with high profitability chooses an offer condition that raises an amount of capital that is short of the amount that maximizes the potential profit from the project. It also reveals that the fraction of the ownership of the firm that the representative investor receives from the owner of the highly profitable firm in return for its investment has a value that exceeds the investment. In other words, the initial offering in the model is underpriced when the profitability of the firm is high. The source of underpricing and underinvestment is the signalling activity by the owner of the highly profitable firm who attempts to convince investors that his firm has a highly profitable project by choosing an offer condition that cannot be imitated by the owner of a firm with low profitability. Thus, we obtained two main results. First, underpricing is a result of a signalling activity by the owner of a firm with high profitability when there exists information asymmetry between the owner of the issuing firm and investors. Second, such information asymmetry also leads to underinvestment in a highly profitable project. Those results clearly show the underpricing entails underinvestment and that information asymmetry leads to a social cost as well as a private cost. The above results are quite general in the sense that they are based upon a neoclassical profit function and full rationality of economic agents. We believe that the results of this paper can be used as a basis for further research on the capital investment process. For instance, one can view the results of this paper as a subgame equilibrium in a larger game in which a firm chooses among diverse ways to raise capital. In addition, the method used in this paper can be used in analyzing a wide range of problems arising from information asymmetry that the Korean financial market faces.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7583-7588
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• 2014

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related death and cancer-related incidence worldwide. The potential of microRNA-21 (miR-21) as a biomarker for CRC detection has been studied in several studies. However, the results were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis to systematically assess the diagnostic value of miR-21 for CRC. Materials and Methods: Using a random-effect model, the pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic performance of miR-21 for CRC. A summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve and an area under the curve (AUC) were also generated to assess the diagnosis accuracy of miR-21 for CRC. Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated by the Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test. Results: A total of 986 CRC patients and 702 matched healthy controls from 8 studies were involved in the meta-analysis. The pooled results for SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC were 57% (95%CI: 39%-74%), 87% (95%CI: 78%-93%), 4.4 (95%CI: 2.4-8.0), 0.49 (95%CI: 0.32-0.74), 9 (95%CI: 4-22), and 0.83 (95%CI: 0.79-0.86), respectively. Subgroup analyses further suggested that blood-based studies showed a better diagnostic accuracy compared with feces-based studies, indicating that blood may be a better matrix for miR-21 assay and CRC detection. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-21 has a potential diagnostic value for CRC with a moderate level of overall diagnostic accuracy. Hence, it could be used as auxiliary means for the initial screening of CRC and avoid unnecessary colonoscopy, which is an invasive and expensive procedure.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.568-571
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• 1997

Recently, the number of techniques for analyzing medical images has been increasing in computer vision, employing X-ray CT images, ultrasound images, MR images, moire topographic images, etc. Spinal deformity is a serious problem especially for teenagers and medical doctors inspect moire topographic images of their backs visually for the primary screening. If a subject is normal, the moire image is almost symmetric with respect to the middle line of the subject's back, otherwise it shows asymmetric shape. In this paper, an image analysis technique is described for discriminating suspicious cases from normal in human spinal deformity by recognizing asymmetric moire images of human backs. The principal axes which are sensitive to asymmetry of the moire image are extracted at two parts on a subject's back and their angles are evaluated with respect to the detected middle line of the back. The two angles compose a 2-D feature space and inspected cases are divided into two clusters in the space by a linear discriminant function based on the Mahalanobis distance. Given 120 cases, 60 normal and 60 abnormal, the leave-out method was applied for the recognition and 75% recognition rate was achieved.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2527-2533
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• 2016

Sensitising cancer cells and at the same time desensitizing normal cells is a double task in cancer management. Agents which can combat the debilitating side effects of cancer therapeutics and simultaneously synergize with anticancer agents in specifically targeting cancer cells are needed. Selenium, a proven anticarcinogen, gains due importance in terms of its efficacy to combat the side effects of cancer therapy. This study is a comparative analysis of the chemoprotective effects of selenium compounds, methyl selenol (generated from organic selenomethionine (5mmol/L ; METase 40U/L)) and sodium selenite (inorganic form)($30{\mu}M$) in peripheral blood human lymphocytes exposed to cisplatin and mitomycin. Biochemical alterations occurring in many cells during apoptosis include loss of plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry, DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspase-3. The present study demonstrated that the selenium metabolite and selenite are efficient in protecting lymphocytes undergoing DNA damage and exerted their activity by reducing caspase 3 expression. Interestingly organic methylselenol (MeSe) was found to offer more protective effects compared to inorganic selenite (SeL), by reducing the induction of apoptosis by the cytotoxic agents. This suggests that MeSe and to a lesser extent selenite might have potential for assessment in clinical trials and could be considered as strong candidates in pharmacogenomics or in the nutriprotective arena.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2017

This paper provides theory and evidence on how venture capital's (VC's) investment influence on new venture (NV) performance. Despite the wealth of research on the relationship between VC's investment and NV's performance, there are conflicts about whether the VC's investment can contribute to the performance of NV and NV's market value or not. For the accurate measure of the investment effect from VC, this research explored how the venture capital's investment in each development stage affects the NV's performance. The research was based on signaling theory and the theory of information asymmetry and looked for which factors affect a NV's performance. Using a sample of 364 firms went to public from 2000 to 2007, we find NV performance increases as NV acquires initial investment of VC in the early stage of development. While NV's potential absorptive capacity moderates the main relationship positively, we find no indication that NV's realized abortive capacity and NV's reputation have significant effect on the main relationship as moderators.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2019

Osteochondroma is a bone tumor with cartilaginous growth potential that generally appears near the growth plate of long bones in areas such as hip, knee, and shoulder joints, related to the nature of endochondral ossification and it is known a common benign bone tumor. However, it has been very rare in craniofacial region possibly because craniofacial bone is largely formed by intramembranous ossification. Moreover, reports on the solitary type of osteochondroma in mandibular condyle has been extremely rare. Osteochondroma in mandibular condylar may show various symptoms similar to general temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), such as pain in the condylar area during mouth opening, internal derangement, facial asymmetry or posterior open bite. Therefore, it can be disregarded for a long time period without any adequate treatment. Surgical excision has been the treatment option for the solitary osteochondroma with very low recurrence rate reportedly. In this case report, a rare case of solitary osteochondroma developed in unilateral mandibular condyle is presented with emphasis on differential diagnosis with general TMDs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to understand the underlying dynamics for the share market bubbles in China during the most recent decade. By using the behavioral finance theory and the Shanghai Composite index prices during the periods from 2005 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2015 as the study samples, we find that the large volatilities in the Chinese share market are closely related to information blockage, which impedes share prices to timely respond to economic conditions as well as external shocks and increases (decreases) the demand of shares when the supply is difficult to adjust. Although the Chinese government has introduced a series of programs designed to increase more reliable information to the public, the share market still tends to confront issues of information asymmetry. The potential reason is that the reforms did not change the long-stand situation in China, where individuals or groups related to government bureaucracy who play a dominant role in the society are given priority to gain access and obtain information that benefits. By identifying the main reasons for the large volatilities in the market, policy makers are given advice as to which areas they may need to focus on to improve future market performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

The aim of the study is to assess the asymmetry of influence of factors of economic growth of national economies, which are included in the integration. Unlike previous research, the scientific significance of the obtained results consists in the use of a new method of study - external demand as a factor of economic growth, disaggregated into two components. The first is net exports mutual trade in goods within integration associations. The second is net exports of foreign trade in goods outside the integration. By use of these methods we have evaluated the contribution of these factors on economic growth of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space (CU/CES), as well as Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. In the conducted analysis of scientific research was based on the fact that the economies of the member (CU/CES) are very different in scale, economic potential and volume of foreign trade. Based on this research we conclude: integration is developing successfully and efficiently only with the rise of the national economies of the member countries; to enhance economic growth and competitiveness of the countries of the Eurasian integration it is necessary to increase the volume of mutual trade of member countries of this integration.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2006

Background: Vstibular evoked myogenic potentials(VEMP) have been known to be useful documenting abnormality in patients with various vestibular disorders and brainstem lesions but the studies of VEMP in patients with hemispheric lesions are rare. Methods: We recorded VEMP in 21 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke in the supratentorial lesions without evidence of brainstem or vestibular end organ lesions. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and the main outcome measures of VEMP were recorded in all subjects. We interpreted each parameters of VEMP using our normal laboratory data. Results: VEMP abnormalities(prolonged latency or asymmetry of amplitude) were found in 57%(12/21) of acute infarction patients with supratentorial lesions. Bilateral VEMP abnormalities were found in six patients and unilateral abnormalities were found in another six patients with ipsilateral abnormalities in the three and controlateral abnormalities in the three patients. Conclusions: VEMP abnormalities were found in supratentorial stroke patients in our studies and this findings suggest supranuclear control may affect the generation of VEMP potentials.