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A Study on the Real Condition and the Improvement Directions for the Protection of Industrial Technology (산업기술 보호 관리실태 및 발전방안에 관한 연구)

  • Chung, Tae-Hwang;Chang, Hang-Bae
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.24
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    • pp.147-170
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    • 2010
  • This study is to present a improvement directions for the protection of industrial key technology. For the purpose of the study, the survey was carried out on the administrative security activity of 68 enterprises including Large companies, small-midium companies and public corporations. survey result on the 10 items of security policy, 10 items of personal management and 7 items of the assets management are as follows; First, stable foundation for the efficient implement of security policy is needed. Carrying a security policy into practice and continuous upgrade should be fulfilled with drawing-up of the policy. Also for the vitalization of security activity, arrangement of security organization and security manager are needed with mutual assistance in the company. Periodic security inspection should be practiced for the improvement of security level and security understanding. Second, the increase of investment for security job is needed for security invigoration. Securing cooperation channel with professional security facility such as National Intelligence Service, Korea internet & security agency, Information security consulting company, security research institute is needed, also security outsourcing could be considered as the method of above investment. Especially small-midium company is very vulnerable compared with Large company and public corporation in security management, so increase of government's budget for security support system is necessary. Third, human resource management is important, because the main cause of leak of confidential information is person. Regular education rate for new employee and staff members is relatively high, but the vitalization of security oath for staff members and the third party who access to key technology is necessary. Also access right to key information should be changed whenever access right changes. Reinforcement of management of resigned person such as security oath, the elimination of access right to key information and the deletion of account. is needed. Forth, the control and management of important asset including patent and design should be tightened. Classification of importance of asset and periodic inspection are necessary with the effects evaluation of leak of asset.

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A Kinematic Analysis on Lateral Break-Fall of Security Nartial Arts (경호무도 측방낙법의 운동학적 분석)

  • Kim, Yong-Hak;Lee, Sae-Hwan
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.24
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    • pp.53-66
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    • 2010
  • This study aims to analyze kinematic variables regarding lateral break-fall quantitatively that can protect the body, prevent the injury and minimize the impact. To this end, three Hapkido, judo athletes of H University with experience of over 5 years were selected. Test was conducted through three dimensional image analysis by checking the time and order the subjects reach a mat. In this study, lateral break-fall was repeated five times and among them, the best movement was selected. The picture shot with high-speed camera was analyzed by using KWON3D ver. 3.1 program through three dimensional coordinate calculation based on DLT method and smoothing process of data. Study results were as follows. 1. With respect to time variables shown in lateral break-fall of A, B, C athletes, there is small difference in temporal variables and in the order the body reaches a mat. With respect to average value, hand is ($0.94{\pm}0.20$), elbow ($0.97{\pm}0.17$), hip ($0.97{\pm}0.18$), back ($0.98{\pm}0.18$), and shoulder ($1.04{\pm}0.16$). Time variable the body reaches a mat in lateral break-fall is in hand, elbow, hip, back and shoulder. 2. With respect to moving distance variables shown in lateral break-fall of A, B, C athletes, hand is ($34.33{\pm}34.59$), elbow ($52.00{\pm}26.06$), hip ($70.00{\pm}15.72$), back ($153.67{\pm}17.93$), and should ($130.67{\pm}29.02$). The fact that this study contributed to improving security martial arts technique and protecting the body by understanding the principle of lateral break-fall movement is of significance. In addition, the fact that this study provided systematic basic data for improving security martial arts technique is significant.

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Effect of Preoperative White Blood Cell Count on Postoperative Course in Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (관상동맥우회술 환자에서 술 전 백혈구 수치가 수술 후 경과에 미치는 영향)

  • Son Kuk Hui;Kim Jae Ho;Kim Joung Taek;Yoon Yong Han;Kim Kwang Ho;Baek Wan Ki
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.38 no.10 s.255
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    • pp.669-674
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    • 2005
  • Background: There are several studies that report the relationship between leukocytosis and cardiovascular disease mortality. Most of these studies stand on the basis that atherosclerosis is mediated by inflammatory process. By the same token, preoperative white blood cell count is suggested as an independent predictable factor of postoperative mortality and morbidity in coronary artery bypass grafting. The purpose of this study is to define the influence of preoperative white blood cell count on postoperative morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. Material and Method: The medical records of the 133 patients who had undergone isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at Inha University Hospital from 1996 to 2003 were reviewed. Patients were evenly divided into four groups, and named as group A, B, C, and D respectively based on their preoperative white blood cell count in ascending order. The number of patients in each group were 33 with exception of 34 in group A. The range of white blood cell count were from $1.3\times10^3/{\mu}L\;to\;5.9\times10^3/{\mu}L\;in\;group\;A,\; from\;6.0\times10^3/{\mu}L\;to\;7.0\times10^3/{\mu}L\;in\;group\;B,\;from\;7.1\times10^3/{\mu}L\;to\;8.9\times10^3/{\mu}L$ in group C, and from $8.9\times10^3/{\mu}L\;to\;16.9\times10^3/{\mu}L$ in group D. Result: The number of patients with recent myocardial infarction was 0 in group A, $2(6.1\%)$ in group B, $4(12.1\%)$ in group C, and $8(24.3\%)$ in D group, showing proportional increase to the white blood cell count (p<0.01). There were six postoperative deaths; $1(2.9\%)$ in group A, $1(3.0\%)$ in group B, $2(2.6\%)$ in group C, and $2(6.1\%)$ in group D (p=0.44), showing no significant difference between the groups. Postoperative wound infection occurred in 3 patients; all 3 patients were in group D, showing that postoperative wound infection is closely related to the preoperative white blood cell count. Conclusion: The association between preoperative white blood cell count and postoperative mortality could not be defined. The incidence of postoperative wound infection was found to be proportional to the preoperative white blood cell counts.

Surgical Results and Risk Facor Analysis of the Patients with Single Ventricle Associated with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (총폐정맥연결이상증을 동반한 단심증 환아의 수술결과 및 위험인자 분석)

  • 이정렬;김창영;김홍관;이정상;김용진;노준량
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.35 no.12
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    • pp.862-870
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    • 2002
  • The surgical results of the patients with single ventricle(SV) associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection(TAPVC) has been reported with high mortality and morbidity due to their morphologic and hemodynamic complexity. A retrospective review was undertaken to report the outcome of the first-stage palliative surgery in our institution and to determine the factors influencing early death. Material and Method: Between January 1987 and June 2002, 39 patients with SV and TAPVC underwent surgical intervention with or without TAPVC repair. Age at operation ranged from 1day to 10.7months (median age, 2.4month), and 29 patients were male. Preoperative diagnosis included 20 right-dominant SV, 15 SV with endocardial cushion defect, 3 left-dominant SV, and 1 tricuspid atresia. The pulmonary venous connection was supracardiac in 22, cardiac in 5, infracardiac in 11, and mixed in 1, Obstructed TAPVC was present in 11. First-stage palliative surgery was performed in 37. Repair of TAPVC, either alone or in association with other procedures, was performed during the initial operation in 31. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the risk factors influencing the operative death. Result: A mean follow-up period of survivors was 34.3 $\pm$ 43.0(0.53 ~ 146.2)months. Overall early operative mortality was 43.6%(17/39). The causes were low cardiac output in 8, failure of weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in 3, sepsis in 2, pulmonary hypertensive crisis in 1, pulmonary edema in 1, pneumonia in 1, and postoperative arrhythmia in 1. Risk factors influencing early death in univariate analysis were body weight, surgical intervention in neonate, obstructive TAPVC, preoperative conditions including metabolic acidosis, and need for inotropic support, TAPVC repair in initial operation, operative time, and cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) time. In multivariable analysis, body weight, age at initial operation, surgical intervention in neonate, preoperative conditions including metabolic acidosis, need for inotropic support and CPB time were the risk factors. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that the patients with SV and TAPVC had high perioperative mortality. Preoperative poor condition, young age, the length of operative and CPB time, the presence of obstructive TAPVC had been proven to be the risk factors. This fact suggests that the avoidance of unnecessarily additional procedures may improve the surgical outcomes of the first-stage palliative surgery. However further observation and collection of the data is mandatory to determine the ideal surgical strategy.

Optimal Water Allocation by Dynamic Programming (동적계획법에 의한 물 배분)

  • 이순탁;이진우
    • Water for future
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.163-174
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    • 1985
  • This study aims at the development of a technique for the optimal water allocation by applying Dynamic Programming Model for the effective usage and rational allocation of water resources, in case of which limited water resources in river basin should be used in several stages. In analytical procedure the possible allocable area was firstly zoned into the four areas: Pohang area ($C_1$), Yeungcheon area ($C_2$), Gyeungsan area ($C_3$), Daegu area ($C_4$), which are located between the Yeongcheon dam and the confluence of the lower Kumho river and the main course of the Nakdong river. Secondly, a return function was determined on the basis of the correlation between the GRP in each area and the amount of water used to it. A DP Model, finally, was applied to the allocation of the water resources according to both their usage and the areas. As a result, the fact has been found that when allocating by the area, $C_1$ could be possibly supplied only with the water resources avaiable from the Yeungchon dam, and the maximum units supplied to $C_1$ should be 240 units ($1unit=10^3㎥$ per day), beyond which we ought to develop an alternative water resources. Also, the return from the allocation by the usage exceeded the one from it by the area. At the same time it was more profitable to limit the water supply to $C_1$ into 217 units. In the allocation by the area 240 units and 80 units, if only the water resources available from the Yeungcheon dam used, and 360 units and 80 units if the Doil dam used additionally, could be supplied to $C_1$ and the lower region respectively. In the allocation by the usage 103 units for industrial water with 33 units for both domestic and commercial water and 183 units, if only the water resources available from the Yeungcheon dam used, and 103 units with 33 units and 304 units, if the Doil dam taken into consideration additionally, could be supplied to $C_1$ and the lower region respectively. Therefore, much more water could be allocated to the region of lower Kumho river if the method of water allocation by the usage.

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Applied-Mineralogical Characterization and Assessment of Some Domestic Bentonites (II): Mineralogical Characteristics, Surface Area, Rheological Properties, and Their Relationships (국내산 벤토나이트에 대한 응용광물학적 특성 평가 (II): 광물학적 특징, 체표면적 및 유변학적 특성과 그 연계성)

  • 노진환;유재영;최우진
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.33-47
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    • 2003
  • Various applied-mineralogical characterization including measurements of surface area, size distribution, swelling index, and viscosity were done for some domestic bentonites in order to decipher the rheological properties and their controlling factors. The bentonites, which are Ca-type and relatively low-grade (rnontmorillonite contents: 30 ∼ 75 wt%), occur mostly as subhedral lamellas with the size range of 2 ∼ 4 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The size distribution of mineral fractions in bentonite suspension is dominant in the range of 10 ∼ 100 $\mu\textrm{m}$, and though rather complicated, exhibits roughly bimodal patterns. The feature is more conspicuous in the case of zeolitic bentonite. The bentonites have surface areas ranging 269 ∼ 735 $\m^2$/g, which are measured by EGME adsorption method. The EGME surface areas are nearly proportional to the rnontmorillonite contents, moisture contents, or total CEC. In the surface area measurements, zeolitic bentonites have slightly higher values than those zeolite- free types. The measured swelling index and viscosity of domestic bentonites are comparatively low in values. The swelling values of bentonites were measured to be 250∼500% at maximum by progressively mixing amounts of 2 ∼ 5 wt% Na$_2$CO$_3$, which varies depending on the contents of rnontmorillonite and other impurities, especially zeolite. Much amount of sodium carbonate is required for optimum swelling property of zeolitic bentonited which has usually strong Na- exchanged capacity. The bentonites, which are comparatively feldspar-rich and low in size and crystallinity, tend to be higher in viscosity values. Tn addition, the viscosity is largely higher in case of the bentonites with higher pH in suspension. However, the rheological properties of bentonites such as swelling index and viscosity do not show any obvious relationships with rnontmorillonite contents and mean particle size in suspension. In contrast, roughly speaking, the swelling index of bentonites is reversely proportional to the values of surface area which can be regarded as a collective physico-chemical parameter encompassing all the effects caused by mineral composition, surface charge, particle size, morphological farm, and etc. in bentonites. Thus, the rheological properties in bentonite suspension appear to be rather complicated characteristics which mainly depend on the flocculation of clay particles and the mode of particle association, i.e. quasicrystals, controlled by surface charge, morphology, size, and texture of rnon-tmorillonite, and which partly affected by the finer impurities such as zeolite.

The Signaling Effect of Stock Repurchase on Equity Offerings in Korea (자기주식매입의 유상증자에 대한 신호효과)

  • Park, Young-Kyu
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.51-84
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    • 2008
  • We investigate the signaling effect of repurchase preceding new equity issue using Korean data. In a short time span, firms announce stock repurchases and equity offerings. The proximity of two events in Korean firms indicates that those are not independent of each other. In this paper, we test the signaling effect of repurchase on equity offerings on the two measures. One is announcement effect, which is measured as CAR(0, +2). The other is the effectiveness which is measured as CAR(0, +30) because the price movement during this window influences on the price of new issues. Previous studies that stock repurchase convey positive signal to equity offerings-Billet and Xue(2004) and Jung(2004)-construct sample without the limit of time interval between two events. This causes the unclear relation between those because of the long time interval. In this study we consider only samples of being within one year each other to reduce this problem and clarify the signal of repurchase on equity offerings. Korean firms are allowed to repurchase own shares with two different method. One is direct repurchase as same as open market repurchase. The other is stock stabilization fund and stock trust fund which trust company or bank buy and sell their shares on the behalf of firms. Generally, the striking different characteristic between direct repurchase and indirect repurchase is following. Direct repurchase is applied by more strict regulation than indirect repurchase. Therefore, the direct repurchase is more informative signal to the equity offering than the indirect repurchase. We construct two sample firms- firms with direct repurchase preceding-equity offerings and indirect repurchase-preceding equity offering, and one control firms-equity offerings only firms-to investigate the announcement effect and the effectiveness of repurchases. Our findings are as follows. Direct repurchase favorably affect the price of new issues favorably. CAR(0, +2) of firms with direct repurchase is not different from that of equity offerings only firms but CAR(0, +30) is higher than that of equity offerings only firms. For firms with indirect repurchase and equity offerings, Both the announcement effect and the effectiveness does not exist. Jung(2004) suggest the possibilities of how indirect stock repurchase can be regarded as one of unfair trading practices on based on the survey results that financial managers of some of KSE listed firms have been asked of their opinion on the likelihood of the stock repurchase being used in unfair trading. This is not objective empirical evidence but opinion of financial managers. To investigate whether firms announce false signal before equity offerings to boost the price of new issues, we calculate the long-run performance following equity offerings. If firms have announced repurchase to boost the price of new issues intentionally, they would undergo the severe underperformance. The empirical results do not show the severer underperformance of both sample firms than equity offerings only firms. The suggestion of false signaling of repurchase preceding equity offerings is not supported by our evidence.

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The Measurement and Comparison of the Relative Efficiency for Currency Futures Markets : Advanced Currency versus Emerging Currency (통화선물시장의 상대적 효율성 측정과 비교 : 선진통화 대 신흥통화)

  • Kim, Tae-Hyuk;Eom, Cheol-Jun;Kang, Seok-Kyu
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 2008
  • This study is to evaluate, to the extent to, which advanced currency futures and emerging currency futures markets can predict accurately the future spot rate. To this end, Johansen's the maximum-likelihood cointegration method(1988, 1991) is adopted to test the unbiasedness and efficiency hypothesis. Also, this study is to estimate and compare a quantitative measure of relative efficiency as a ratio of the forecast error variance from the best-fitting quasi-error correction model to the forecast error variance of the futures price as predictor of the spot price in advanced currency futures with in emerging currency futures market. Advanced currency futures is British pound and Japan yen. Emerging currency futures includes Korea won, Mexico peso, and Brazil real. The empirical results are summarized as follows : First, the unbiasedness hypothesis is not rejected for Korea won and Japan yen futures exchange rates. This indicates that the emerging currency Korea won and the advanced currency Japan yen futures exchange rates are likely to predict accurately realized spot exchange rate at a maturity date without the trader having to pay a risk premium for the privilege of trading the contract. Second, in emerging currency futures markets, the unbiasedness hypothesis is not rejected for Korea won futures market apart from Mexico peso and Brazil real futures markets. This indicates that in emerging currency futures markets, Korea won futures market is more efficient than Mexico peso and Brazil real futures markets and is likely to predict accurately realized spot exchange rate at a maturity date without risk premium. Third, this findings show that the results of unbiasedness hypothesis tests can provide conflicting finding. according to currency futures class and forecasts horizon period, Fourth, from the best-fitting quasi-error correction model with forecast horizons of 14 days, the findings suggest the Japan yen futures market is 27.06% efficient, the British pound futures market is 26.87% efficient, the Korea won futures market is 20.77% efficient, the Mexico peso futures market is 11.55%, and the Brazil real futures market is 4.45% efficient in the usual order. This indicates that the Korea won-dollar futures market is more efficient than Mexico peso, and Brazil real futures market. It is therefore possible to concludes that the Korea won-dollar currency futures market has relatively high efficiency comparing with Mexico peso and Brazil real futures markets of emerging currency futures markets.

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The Effects of A Cognitive-Behavioral Anger Control Training on Anger Control Ability and Peer Relationships of Children (인지행동적 분노조절 훈련이 아동의 분노조절능력과 교우관계에 미치는 효과)

  • Kim, Mi-Ra;Lee, Young-Man
    • The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.101-115
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    • 2008
  • The purposes of this study were to consist an anger control program in order to help children confirm and modify their cognitive errors in peer anger-provoking situations(Lee Mi-gyeong, 2006), that and to examine the effects of this program on anger-provoking experience, anger controllability and peer relationship. The cognitive-behavioral anger control program was consisted of 16 sessions. The focus of the program were placed on perceiving angry feelings, confirming automatic thinking and cognitive errors and acquiring how to correct the cognitive errors(1st-10th sessions), and checking cognitive errors in 13 anger-provoking situations and practicing way to correct the errors(11th-15th sessions). To examine the effects of the program, 10 children who had a lot of anger-provoking experiences, and were poor at anger control and faced difficulties with peer relationship were selected. The cognitive-behavioral anger control program was implemented for eight weeks, twice a week, 40 minutes each. The collected data were analysed by the ANOVA method using the SPSS and Kwakstat(Kwak Ho-wan, 1993). What cognitive errors children made and how they modified the errors during the program were checked. The findings of the study were as follows: The cognitive-behavioral anger control program served to cut down on the anger-provoking experiences, to improve their anger controllability, to boost their peer relationship, and that effect lasted till six weeks later. And the cognitive errors they made during the program were in the order as follows: stating the oughtness of their behavior, followed by naming, seeing everything in black and white, emotional judgment, mind reading, linking the situation to themselves, overgeneralizing, and hasty conclusion. The ways to correct the cognitive errors were in the order as follows: putting oneself in another's place, explaining in a different manner, looking for proof, thinking of it is so difficult to indure, thinging of there is moral to it, and thinking of how angry after passing time.

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Osteoporosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (만성폐쇄성폐질환에서의 골다공증에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Seong-Ja;Lee, Young-Hyun
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.90-96
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    • 1999
  • Background : Osteoporosis has been reported in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but this association is not well established. This study was undertaken to determine whether the prevalence of osteoporosis was increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and we examined the relationship of corticosteroid administration with osteoporosis. Method: Subjects were 23 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 20 control patients. We reviewed hospital records and measured bone mineral density using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry(Lunar. USA). Results: Mean bone mineral density(BMD) of spine in COPD group was $0.683{\pm}0.154 g/cm^2$ and $0.971{\pm}0.212g/cm^2$ in controls(p<0.01). But there was no significant difference in femoral neck BMD. There were seventeen cases of osteoporosis and six cases of osteopenia in COPD group and three patients of osteoporosis and one case of osteopenia in controls. But, there was no significant correlation between disease duration of COPD and spinal T score(r=-0.395, p>0.05). Ten patients were received corticosteroid in COPD group. Spinal T score in steroid receiving patients were $-3.82{\pm}0.94(SD)$ and $-2.82{\pm}0.97(SD)$ in not having steroid patients(p<0.01). Cumulative dose of corticosteroid was associated with spinal T score(r=-0.424, p<0.05) and duration of corticosteroid administration also associated with spinal T score(r=-0.457. p<0.05). Spinal BMD of patients not having corticosteroid in COPD group(n=13) were significantly lower than that of controls($0.71{\pm}0.13 g/cm^2$ and $0.97{\pm}0.21 g/cm^2$, p<0.01). Conclusion : Prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Especially patients who are receiving corticosteroid have high risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia and need for preventive management.

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