• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.205-216
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to develop a valid and reliable Korean Patient Classification System for Neonatal care nurses (KPCSN). Methods: The study was conducted in tertiary and general hospitals with 1~2 grade according to nursing fee differentiation policy for NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) nurse staffing. The reliability was evaluated for the classification of 218 patients by 10 nurse managers and 56 staff nurses working in NICUs from 10 hospitals. To verify construct validity, 208 patients were classified and compared for the type of stay, gestational age, birth weight, and current body weight. Nursing time was measured by nurses, nurse managers, and nurse aids. For the calculation of conversion index (total nursing time divided by the KPCSN score), 426 patients were classified using the KPCSN. Data were collected from September 5 to October 28, 2015, and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, intraclass correlation coefficient, and non-hierarchial cluster analysis. Results: The final KPCSN consisted of 11 nursing categories, 71 nursing activities and 111 criteria. The reliability of the KPCSN was r=.83 (p<.001). The construct validity was established. The KPCSN score was classified into four groups; group $1:{\leq}57points$, group 2: 58~80 points, group 3: 81~108 points, and group $4:{\geq}109points$ in the KPSCN score. The conversion index was calculated as 7.45 minutes/classification score. Conclusion: The KPCSN can be utilized to measure specific and complex nursing demands for infants receiving care in the NICUs.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30
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• pp.15.1-15.11
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• 2015

Objectives There has been a growing concern about the possible carcinogenic effects of the electromagnetic radiofrequency fields emitted from mobile phones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between mobile phone use and the development of gliomas in Korea. Methods Our study methods were based on the International Interphone study that aimed to evaluate possible adverse effects of mobile phone use. This study included 285 histologically-confirmed Korean patients 15 to 69 years of age, with gliomas diagnosed between 2002 and 2007 in 9 hospitals. The 285 individually matched controls were healthy individuals that had their medical check-up in the same hospitals. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for use of mobile phones. Results For the entire group, no significant relationship was investigated between gliomas and regular use of mobile phones, types of mobile phones, lifetime years of use, monthly service fee, and the other exposure indices. Analyses restricted to self-respondents showed similar results. For ipsilateral users, whose the body side for usual mobile phone use match the location of glioma, the aORs (95% CIs) for lifetime years of use and cumulative hours of use were 1.25 (0.55 to 2.88) and 1.77 (0.32 to 1.84), respectively. However, the contralateral users showed slightly lower risk than ipsilateral users. Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that the use of mobile phones increases the risk of glioma; however, we found a non-significant increase in risk among ipsilateral users. These findings suggest further evaluation for glioma risk among longterm mobile phone users.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.957-973
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• 2012

This study analyzed consumer public complaint behaviors and the satisfaction of complaint handling among credit card users who availed of credit card services. Relatively little research has been done in this area, despite the obvious importance of understanding and improving credit card market conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine consumer compliant behaviors with a focus on public actions, such as voice responses and the third party actions among credit card users. With the goal of providing consumers with more positive expectations of credit card companies' complaint handling process, this study investigated the status of public actions and the negative effect of complaints on the overall satisfaction of post-complaint behavior toward credit card services. The responses from 1,000 credit card users were analyzed using descriptive analysis, factor analysis, multi-logit analysis, and Heckman selection estimate. The analysis provided three major results: (1) perceived service quality among credit card users was conceptualized into groups such as responsiveness, innovation, company, additional service, and fee, (2) perceived service qualities, age, residential area, employment status, and subjective economic status had significant effect on public compliant action behaviors, and (3) unidimensional factors resulting from post-complaint behaviors were analyzed and several variables, such as period of credit card use, average amount used, and perceived service quality had significant effects on the degree of satisfaction associated with complaint handling in terms of credit card services. Several implications and directions for further research are discussed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.183-203
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• 2001

To accomplish international electronic commerce via the Internet, the most serious dilemma is the international payment system. The BBL is a secure and effective electronic commerce framework for the replacement of traditional paper documents by electronic messages via the Internet providing significant benefits in terms of cost savings, improved logistics and reduced errors in documentation. The most important legal obstacles in the BBL are how to secure authenticity, non-repudiation and message integrity as well as the status of negotiability equivalent to paper B/L. These kinds of functions may be carried out through the electronic title registry of the Bolero International Limited. The technical structure is supported contractually by the Bolero Rulebook. And other documents except B/L can be made out without any legal or technical problems. What are the handicaps of the BBL in its practical use at this time? I can summarize the current and expected problems as follows: First, the fee to join Bolero Association Limited is burdensome to sellers, buyers and trade related organizations all over the world. Second, the liability in errors or defaults in operating central data registry of Bolero International Limited is limited to U.S.$100,000. The amount is not sufficient to the many bulk cargo owners to cover the damages. Third, businessmen are used to traditional paper documents; therefore it takes much time for them to change their customs and practices. So the BBL and traditional papers would be used simultaneously for the time being. Finally, it is very important to incorporate the Rulebook, a multilateral contract binding on all users signed, in each domestic law, which will accomplish the uniform law basis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.309-321
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• 2002

Purpose: A cost analysis for nursing services in operative nursing unit, emergency nursing unit, and ambulatory nursing unit was performed using patient classification system by nursing intensity in order to determine an appropriate nursing fee schedule. Method: The data were collected from 4 secondary hospitals and 5 tertiary hospitals from November 14th 2000 to January 15th 2001. The study was conducted through four phases as follows: 1) Nursing hours of each nursing service in special nursing units were measured using three kinds of patient classification systems by nursing intensity. 2) The nursing cost of nursing services in operative nursing unit, emergency nursing unit, and ambulatory nursing units was estimated based on patient classification system by nursing intensity. Results: As a result, nursing hours by nursing intensity of each special nursing unit were measured, and every nursing cost by nursing intensity in operation room and emergency room was estimated, meanwhile, the cost of nursing services in ambulatory care units was estimated only per visit as shown in chapter 4. Conclusion: Future research on nursing cost should be extended to other special nursing units such as various intensive nursing care units, delivery room, and so on. In addition, the patient classification system should be refined for its appropriateness to apply all levels of medical institutions.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2017

Objective: This questionnaire study aimed to estimate the overall frequencies of positive perception towards orthodontic treatment among adults categorized according to age, sex, and area of living, and to identify barriers or negative perceptions preventing them from receiving orthodontic treatment. Methods: The participants included 598 adults aged over 20 years (230 men and 368 women) who visited the Dental Hospital of Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. The participants' opinions regarding their consideration of receiving orthodontic treatment were recorded using a specially designed questionnaire. Results: The overall rate of positive perception towards orthodontic treatment was 48.5%. Compared to adults in their 20s (63.2%), those in their 40s and 50s had a lower percentage of interest in orthodontic treatment (46.2% and 45.1%, respectively; p < 0.05). Overall, women (52.2%) had a higher rate of interest than did men (42.6%; p < 0.05). The area of living had no effect on the percentage of interest. The order of priority of chief complaints differed according to age: protrusion for those in the 20s and 30s, and spacing for those in the 40s to 60s. Overall, the main reason for not seeking treatment was the treatment fee. Respondents aged over 40 considered themselves "too old" for orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: The middle-aged had a relatively high percentage of interest (above 45%) in orthodontic treatment. However, demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with the positive interest. These results highlight the need for educating the middle-aged about the limitations and possibilities of orthodontic treatment to increase its acceptance.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Recently one of the main keywords representing of Korea is O2O The O2O market is an intersection of online commerce and offline commerce. The spread and popularization of smartphones transform payment market environment from online-based(PC) to mobile-based(Smartphone) which enable payment service expanses to on/off-line both markets. Due to this movement, data security is mo vulnerable than online-based payment service but the preference of serviceability, security threat becomes bigger.O2O service expansion is now at the stage of beginning with the limited influence, but could affect to the establishment of on/off line payment system of VAN and PG in the future. However, in the moment, the motivation to destruct the system is still weak. In this research, the possibility of Non-PG mobile payment service was suggested as a new way of mobile payment service by using PG. With suggestion, it could eliminate the issues of payment method beforehand and provide low fee to merchants.

• Survey Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-107
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• 2001

The contingent valuation method uses survey questions to elicit people's preferences for public goods by finding out what they would be willing to pay for specified improvement in them. The method is thus aimed at eliciting their willingness to pay in money amounts. It circumvents the absence of markets for public goods by presenting consumers with hypothetical markets in which they have the opportunities to buy the good In question. The hypothetical markets may be modeled after either a private goods market or a political market. Respondents are presented with material, often in the course of a personal interview conducted face to face. An on-site survey was conducted to 1107 randomly selected P-mountain users using a dichotomous choice questionnaire for the contingent valuation method. Seventeen different bid sets were chosen ranging from the lowest bid of 300won to the highest bid of 2, 100won to elicit a reasonable entrance fee in the hypothetical market. The probability of an individual user's willingness to pay for the suggested bid had been determined, and the expected value of willingness to pay was estimated using binary-1ogit model. The average public value of P-mountain per individual user was estimated to be 1,055.92won ~ 1,995.61won according to the binary-logit model. The economic value of this P-mountain which includes both use value and existence value can be determined by aggregating the average value giving total willingness to pay for the entire population, in this case 5.491 billion ~ 10.377 billion.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-117
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• 1999

The purposes of the study was to analysis the factors on the physicians' indemnity experience and indemnity on malpractice. Data was collected from mail interview for the physicians from August, to October in 1996. Questions were asked to the physician who selected with random sample(n=8.338) about the opinion of malpractice insurance. experience that he(she) have requested the indemnity from patience. context of experienced indemnity and demographic characteristics of physician and patience. Response rate is 37.5%(n=3,124). This study was analyzed in two levels' the first. influential factors on whether physician has experience of indemnity and the second. influential factors of indemnity among physicians who had experienced the indemnity. The major findings were as follows : 1. Logistic regression on whether physicians had experience of indemnity request was conducted. And it indicated that statistically meaningful variables of model 1 (about all physicians) were department of surgery, physicians who have intention of insurance fee, physician age and income, physicians who owned the hospitals and statistically meaningful variables of model 11 (about physicians who owned the hospital) were department of surgery and internal treatment. 2. Multiple regression on the influential factors on indemnity was conducted. And it showed that statistically meaningful variables in model 1 were method of malpractice quarrel(physician association), whether physician had malpractice, whether suit succeeded, physician age, average practice time and income and whether physician owned the hospital and statistically meaningful variables of model 11 were whether physician had malpractice, number of outpatient, number of beds. As the conclusion, the thesis was examined about the variables related with experience of indemnity and cost of malpractice. But in order to prevent malpractice and promote medical quality, the reasonable system to solve a malpractice have to settle and cost estimation on malpractice is essential. Therefore an advanced research is progressed with methodology to decide the indemnity bases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.257-268
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to review the Toxic UseReduction Act of Massachusetts, USA, which has been evaluated as a successfulcase of a chemical reduction policy, and to search for ways to introduce it inKorea. Methods: We analyzed the implementation of the TURA by attending TUR Planning Course of the Toxic Use Reduction Institute in Massachusetts and researching the related literature. Results: As TURA took effect, the use of chemicals in Massachusetts was reduced, and cost savings were achieved in workplaces. The success factors for the legislation are considered to be support form the federal and state governments and the active participation of business and civic group. Domestic efforts to reduce toxic substances have already begun, so if the process of TURA is appropriately applied to domestic legislation of chemicals control, it would be expected to produce visible results. Therefore, we reviewed the 'Act on Chemicals Registration and Assessment', 'Act on Chemical Control' and 'Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities' and sought solution for applying TURA to each piece of legislation. For the first case, 'Toxic or Hazardous Substance List' and 'Establishment of Toxic Use Fee' is applicable. For the second case, 'Annual Toxic or Hazardous Substance Reports' is applicable. For the third case, 'Toxic Reduction Plans' and 'Toxics Use Reduction Institute and 'Toxic Use Reduction Planners' is applicable. Conclusions: The government should take notice appropriateness for the reduction of toxic chemicals and provide financial support. Businesses should invest in technologies that build trust with local communities, improve productivity, and reduce costs. Finally, civic group should cooperate with government and businesses.