• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.165-172
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• 1973

The sterile phenomenon is frequently found in the inter-species hybrids of ginseng as in other plants. It is known that among the hybrids between Panax Ginseng (PG) and Panax Quinquefolium (PQ), and between Panax Ginseng and Paxax Japonicus (PI), PG${\times}$PI is fertile only very rarely, while PG ${\times}$ PQ is always sterile. Therefore, in order to clarify the relationship between this sterility phenomenon and the metabolism of free amino acids, the changes of free amino acids through the formation of the flower organs and seeds of two hybrids, PG ${\times}$ PQ and PG ${\times}$ PI were investigated by thin layer chromatography. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Distinct differences in the quantity and number of free amino acids were recognized between PG ${\times}$ PQ, PG ${\times}$ PI and their parent plants. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PQ, 19 kinds of ninhyrin sensitive substances were detected in all. They were (1) 17 amino acids: alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxy-proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid, ${\beta}$-alanine, cysteic acid and tryptophan, and (2) two amides: asparagine and glutamine. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PI, in addition to the above 19 substances, methionine and one unknown substance were detected. 2. Generally, alanine, as partie acid, glutamic acid, cysteic acid and asparagine were detected in large amounts in the two hybrids as in PG, PG and PJ but it was a noticeable fact concerning these two hybrids that the largest quantity of asparagine was found at microspore satge and pollen mature stage. 3. The decrease of cysteic acid in the two hybrids at the red ripened stage was the same as in PQ and PJ but opposite to the change in PG. The detection of methionine in PG ${\times}$ PJ was worthy of notice. 4. The change of proline was conspicuously different from that in their parent plants. It was detected as a trace of color at the micros pore stage while asparagine was detected in the greatest amount at that time. It is well known that the quantity of proline is closely related to the sterility of plant. This fact was also found true in the formation of ginseng seeds. It was reported as well that asparagine accumulated when proline decreased. 5. The deficiency of proline seemed to be closely related with the sterility of hybrids and with the degradation of pollen in anther. 6. The difference in the changes of free amino acids between the selfed lines of PG, PQ and PJ, and their hybrids seemed to be caused by the transformation of gene-action system by hybridization. On these phenomena along with proline metabolim and its physiological role in seed formation further studies are required.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 1994

To research the effect of chemotaxis of Rhizobia toward the root exudate on nitrogen fixing ability in soybean Rhizobia symbiosis system. Root exudate from seedlings of Glycine max. L was collected aseptic conditions. B. japonicum KCTC 2422 induced the formation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodules on the root of soybean plant and possessed motility and chemotaxis toward the 2mM proline. LPN-100 mutant was $Nod^-$, $Che^+$, and LPN-101 was $Che^-$, $Nod^+$ strains. Physiological properties of mutants were similar to parent strain. The crude root exudate was tested for its chemotactic ability using the capillary tube method. Chemotactic responses of RCR 3407 toward crude root exudate were 2.2, 2.6, 2.9, those of KCTC 2422 were 2.3, 2.9, 3.0, respectively. The crude root exudate was fractionated into neutral, cationic and anionic fractions. Chemotactic responses of KCTC 2422 was least with anionic fraction, most with neutral and intermediate with cationic fraction. B. japonicum KCTC 2422 was attracted by carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acid. Carbohydrates and amino acids were good chemoattractants and carboxylic acids were intermediate chemoattractants. The peak concentration was $10^{-3}M$ for ribose, glucose, glutamine, aspartic acid and carboxylic acids, with exception of xylose, arabinose, tryptophan, which elicited maximum responses at $10^{-4}M$. The formation of nodules and nitrogenase activity of soybean inoculated with KCTC 2422 was determined in 7days after inoculation, and those of LPN-101 was detected in 15days after inoculation, but LPN-100 didn't form of nodules in soybean plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 1982

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in plant state, chlorophyll, free amino acids and vitamin C content of soybean sprouts during circulation periods. The experiment was carried out under the indoor natural light and complete darkness at $20^{\circ}C$. The results are summarized as follows; Soybean sprout was grown about one cm in the darkness for 7 or 24 hours, but under the indoor natural light it was not grown. Weight was decreased both in the darkness and under the light. In the darkness the color of sprouts were not changed, but under the light the color was changed in 7 or 24 hours. Chlorophyll contents was increased rapidly by light in the cotyledon. Chlorophyll formation brought about loss not only in amino acids but also porphyrins, but it did not in the amino acids of hypocotyl. The kinds of amino acids being brought about loss under the light were cystine, aspartic acid, serine, histidine and glycine. The 22$\sim$27% of vitamin C was lost in cotyledon by 7 hours exposured light and in hypocotyl after 5 hours.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

The chemical compositions as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and total polyphenolic compounds of the seeds of leek (Allium tuberusum) were analyzed. The antioxidative activity of water soluble extract from leek seeds was also tested in DPPH ($\alpha$, $\alpha$ - diphenyl-$\beta$ -picrylhydrazyl) method. The chemical compositions of leek seeds were moisture 4.4%, curde protein 25.7%, crude fat 16.6%, and crude ash 2.9%. Major amino acid compositions were proline 11 g, glutamic acid 4.9 g, arginine 2.1g, aspartic acid 1.6g, leucine 1.3g, valine 1.2 g, and methionine 1.1 g as per 100g. Mineral contents were K 215 ppm, Ca 142 ppm, Fe 124 ppm, and Mg 100 ppm. Major fatty acid compositions were linoleic acid 71.9%, oleic acid 12.7%, palmitic acid 8.6%, and stearic acid 1.4%. The changes of contents in polyphenolic compound from leek seeds caused by heat treatment were also listed in the following order; $20^{\circ}C$(364mg/100g), $40^{\circ}C$(462 mg/100g), and $60^{\circ}C$(551 mg/100g). Antioxidative activity as electron donating ability showed in the following order; 0.05% BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene)(45.6%)>0.05% water-extract(31.3%)>0.1% water extract(30.3%). On the basis of chemical analysis, the leek seedsshowed to have relatively high contents of nutrients as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.453-459
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• 2000

In order to promote the utilization of Rubus coreanum as functional food, and its physicochemical properties and volatile flavor were examined. The contents of chemical compounds showed 5.39% of moisture, 17.3% of total sugars, 8.6% of reducing sugars, 4.5% of crude ash, 3.9% of crude fiber, 10.6% of crude protein and 1.7% of crude fat and that of free sugars was 1.52% of sucrose, 3.98% of fructose, 1.24% of glucose. Among organic acid was 10.2% of citric acid, 6.29% of oxalic acid and 1.94% of malic acid. The highest component of free amino acids was 1,260.3mg of aspartic acid, 1,054.3mg of glutamic acid, respectively. And that of minerals was 38,789ppm of K. A total of 52 volatile flavor components (11 alcohols, 13 acids, 20 carbonyls, 5 hydrocabons, 3 esters) were identified in the Rubus coreanum, respectively. The major volatile flavor components of Rubus coreanum were 3.78% of linalool in alcohols, 14.40% of caproic acid in acids, 2.99% of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone in carbonyls, 1.59% of aromadendrene in hydrocabons and 0.43% of methyl palmitate in esters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 2009

Eighteen Korean chestnut cultivars were collected from various places and the proximate compositions, dietary fiber, amino acid and free sugar contents in three parts (whole kernel, white kernel, yellow kernel) of eighteen Korean chestnut cultivars were analyzed. The white kernel of Chukfa and the yellow kernel of Ipyung contained the highest amount of moisture and crude protein, respectively. Carbohydrate content of whole kernel showed a range of $30.8{\sim}52.0%$ and crude ash content of whole kernel showed a range of $0.9{\sim}1.8%$. The amount of crude lipid was the highest in Byunggo. The amount of dietary fiber in Kwangeun, Daebo, Parkmi 1 ho, Yooma and Pyeonggi were higher than that of other Korean chestnut cultivars. Seventeen amino acids were detected. Major amino acids of the various chestnuts were aspartic acid and leucine. The amount of amino acids was higher in Ichui, Ipyung and Pyeonggi but was lower in Dantaek and Sandae than that of other samples. The major free sugar in the chestnuts was glucose. The free sugar amount of yellow kernels was higher than the white kernels.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2012

This study examined the control effects of amino acid biochemical agent extracted from chicken feathers on Meloidogyne incognita for the purpose of developing an environmentally friendly nematicidal agent that can replace chemical control of root-knot nematodes (RKN). We investigated the lethal effects of J2 juveniles for 19 types of commercial amino acids. As a result, five kinds of amino acids (L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, L-cysteine) showed mortality rate of more than 50% at a concentration of 50 mM. L-asparagine showed the highest mortality rate at 94%. We also investigated the lethal effect of J2 juveniles and suppressive effects of egg hatching by feather amino acids (FAA) biochemical agent. It showed that the mortality rate of J2 juveniles was more than 80% and suppression rate of egg hatching was 74% at 1/50 concentrations of FAA. As a result of conducting a tomato pot culture experiment for 60 days after treating 1/50 concentrations of FAA biochemical agent in rhizosphere soil, it showed that the control effects were 63% of juveniles density in the soil, 59% of egg mass and 61% of root gall index, respectively. Based on the above results, it is considered that the FAA biochemical agent extracted from chicken feathers can be used as an environmentally friendly nematicidal agent of RKN.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 1988

This study was performed to identify detailed informations on the nonvolatile flavor of Chinese quince fruits, Chaenomeles sinensis koehne. About 72% of the free amino acids were shown to be valine, asparagine, ${\gamma}-aminobutyric\;acid$, aspartic acid and serine. Arginine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophan were not present. Glutamic acid and glutamine as a amino acid for peptides were the major components, whereas cysteic acid, methionine sulfone and tryptophan were not detected. The nucleotides attained were composed of cytosine, uridine-5'-monophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate, and these were proved to be a very small quantity. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate, inosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine-5'-monophosphate were not present. The major sugars were shown to be glucose, sorbose, sucrose and fructose. Fructose was the most abundant one among them. A total of 11 organic acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components identified were tartaric acid and α-ketoglutaric acid. The total content of vitamin C determined was 386.6mg%, and those of ascorbic, dehydroascorbic, and 2, 3-diketo-L-gulonic acid were 28.8mg%, 154.5mg% and 197.3mg%, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus were the major components, while heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and lead were determined to be a small amount. In the result of organoleptic test on the natural and synthetic extract of Chinese quince fruits, the principal taste components consisted of free amino acids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and minerals. Five groups mentioned would have a favorable influence upon the taste of fresh Chinese quince fruits.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.890-894
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• 1989

The proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids in three types of Ganoderma lucidum produced from timber bed cultivation, pot cultivation, and antlered form from pot cultivation were determined. The results obtained art as follows. The contents of crude fibers carbohydrates, crude proteins, crude fats and crude ashes were 47.2-499%, 29.1-31.1%, 15.2-15.6%, 4.0-4.4% and 1.3-1.7% on dry basis, respectively. The content of K (2,742-4,843 ppm in dry basis) was the highest, followed by p, Mg, Ca and Na. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid in the total lipid was 81.0-82.1%. The major fatty acids were oleic acid and linoleic acid. The contents of histidine (9.47-13.06 mg/g on dry basis) and methionine (0.20-0.44mg/g in dry basis) were the highest and the lowest in the total amino acids, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.576-581
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• 2008

The chemical components of the wild vegetables Solidago virgaurea spp. gigantea, Aster glehni var. hondoensis, and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus grown on Ulleung island, Korea were investigated. In dried powders of these three wild vegetables, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and crude ash were 3.77-5.72%, 15-29%, 3.50-6.68%, 4.00-6.01%, and 8.70-10.54%, respectively. There were differences in the levels and nature of organic acids in the vegetables; the major organic acids were succinic acid, citric acid, and malonic acid. The major free amino acids in the vegetables were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, and phenylalanine. Riboflavin contents were 90 mg% in Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus and $2{\sim}3$ mg% in the other vegetables. The thiamin contents were 113 mg% in Aster glehni var. hondoensis, 85 mg% in Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, and 71 mg% in Solidago virgaurea spp. gigantea. The major fatty acids in the three vegetables were linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid; 60% of total fatty acid was linolenic acid. Catechins were present at 5.37 mg% in Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, 2.46 mg% in Solidago virgaurea spp. gigantea, 1.29 mg% in Aster glehni var. hondoensis.(-) ECC was detected in only Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus. The contents of Ca, P, and Na in the three vegetables were higher than the contents of other minerals.