• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.695-698
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• 1992

Three Japanese Corriedale wethers were used in a $3{\times}3$ latin square design to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the eating and rumination behavior in sheep fed rice straw as a basal diet. Soybean meal was supplemented at three levels of 0 (control), 75 g and 150 g/day. Soybean meal supplementation had no significant effect on the daily time spent eating and rumination, whereas the rate of eating of rice straw was significantly faster (p<0.05) in sheep fed SBM-supplemented diets than in sheep fed control diet. However, when expressed per 100 g of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake, daily rumination time of sheep fed 75 and 150 g of SBM-supplemented diets was greatly reduced (p<0.01). The length of each rumination period, daily number of rumination periods and number of boli regurgitated were about constant for all SBM levels. Cyclic rate (rumination time per daily number of boli regurgitated) and rumination index (rumination time per 100 g of dry matter eaten) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation. The number of chews per bolus was not affected, whereas the bolus time reduced (p<0.05) and the rate of chewing during rumination was increased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.699-707
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• 1992

Three goats were fed with $^{15}N$-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion, assimilation, metabolism and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw. It was shown that the amount of $^{15}N$ assimilated into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of $^{15}N$ ingestion in the experimental diet by each goat. The $^{15}N$ excreted via the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8, 33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of $^{15}N$ ingested in the feed of the 3 goats. The recoveries of $^{15}N$ from the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%, with the corresponding rates of $^{15}N$ loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively. The amino acids digestibilities were 68.7 and 54.0%, while the digestibilities of carbohydrates were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively for goats 1 and 3.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.289-293
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• 1995

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementary urea molasses block lick with rice straw based diet on the performance of sheep. Six indigenous sheep of about two years of age with an average body weight of 12.88 kg, were selected for this experiment They grouped into two by stratified randomization, and the experiment was conducted for a period of 90 days. Sheep of group A was fed rice straw and group B was feed rice straw with urea molasses block lick, beside this both the groups received 66 g wheat bran and 167 g of Ipil-Ipil leaf meat. The study revealed that the average daily gain of live weight per sheep per day was 41 gm and 70 gm in group-A and group-B respectively. From the analysis of variance it was evident that live weight gain in sheep of group B, supplemented with urea molasses block lick was highly significant (p < 0.01). It was also estimated that group A required 8.12 kg DM to gain 1 kg live weight, whereas group B receiving urea molasses block lick required 5.30 kg DM to gain 1 kg live weight. Therefore, feeding rice straw with urea molasses block lick able to utilize more crop-residues efficiently.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1018-1028
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Gastrodia elata extract on the quality characteristics of glutinous rice porridge Jochung saccharide by barley malt. Glutinous rice porridge Jochung contatining 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of Gastrodia elata extract were produced. Soluble solid contents and pH increased as content of Gastrodia elata extract increased. Free acidity contents were 24.87 meq/kg (control) and 25.67~42.03 meq/kg (GR2~GR5) (p<0.001 among samples). There was significant total phenolics and TEAC obtained for antioxidant activity of Gastrodia elata extract Jochung samples. Increased the ratio of Gastrodia elata extract in Jochung tended to decrease the color value. Results show Jochung containg less than 15% Gastrodia elata extract resulted in the highest scores for quality characteristics and sensory evaluation. Correlations between antioxidant activity and parameters were found to be statistically significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of cattle fed young or mature guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. ecotype A) and urea supplemented rice straw. Evaluation was based on intake and digestibility parameters. Twelve crossbred bulls calves weighing $90{\pm}15$ kg were offered young (4 weeks regrowth) or mature (9 weeks regrowth) grass in the long or chopped (10-15 cm) form, and rice straw supplemented with urea. The diets were offered 30-60% in excess of voluntary intake, and the experiment consisted of two periods. The crude protein content of the young grass, mature grass and the straw offered were 12.2, 5.4 and 7.7%, respectively, and the refusal was 10.1, 3.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility of the young grass (69%) was significantly higher than the mature grass (62.5%) and straw (55.8%) diets. The organic matter intake (kg/100 kg LW/day) of the unchopped and chopped grass diets were 2.6 and 3.3 respectively, and these values were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the young grass (2.3) and straw (2.1) diets. The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of the mature grass diet offered in the chopped form (2.1 kg/100 kg LW/day) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the other three diets. The DOMI of the young and mature grass offered in the long form was similar (1.6 kg/100 kg LW/day), but were significantly better (p < 0.01) than the urea supplemented straw diet.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2017

In this study, quality characteristics of yakju fermented with byeo-nuruk prepared using rice, wheat, and water were investigated. Five different mixture ratios were considered for byeo-nuruk preparation. A comparative analysis of commercial yakju and byeo-nuruk yakju was also performed. The results showed no significant differences in pH, total acidity, and total soluble solids of byeo-nuruk yakju immediately following fermentation. The byeo-nuruk yakju alcohol content increased with increasing wheat proportion. Lactic and succinic acid were the major organic acids of byeo-nuruk yakju, and the major volatile components were isoamyl alcohol and linalool. Yakju prepared using material D had the highest volatile component content and high preference evaluation scores for taste and overall acceptability. Compared to commercial yakju, byeo-nuruk yakju had less total acidity, soluble solids, and volatile acids, whereas its pH level and amino acid content were higher. No significant differences were observed between commercial yakju and byeo-nuruk yakju in terms of sensory evaluation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 1995

Seven varieties of rice were cultivated in the field of BLRI of which three were native (Maloti, Nizershail and Chandrashail) and four were improved ($BR_3$, $BR_{11}$, Pasam and Mala). Yields of straw and grain were recorded and the chemical composition of straw was determined. Both the grain (p < 0.05) and straw (p > 0.05) yields were higher in the improved than the native varities. Relationships of straw dry matter yield with the hights of rice plants, tiller numbers, levels of N fertilizer and lengths of stover were found to be statistically insignificant. No significant differences were observed among the varieties in respect of NDF, cell soluble, cellulose and hemicellulose contents. However, modified acid detergent fibre and insoluble ash content were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the local varieties. Except $BR_3$, the estimated ME content of straw was higher in the improved than the native varieties. In respect of yield, chemical composition and energy content improved straws were better and Pasam was the best.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5047-5056
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• 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major worldwide health problem owing to its high prevalence and mortality rates. Carcinogenesis in the colon is a multistage and multifactorial process. An imbalance between free radical exposure and anti-oxidant defense systems may leads to oxidative stress and attack of macromolecules which can alter signal transduction pathways and gene expression. Consequently, oxidative damage can lead to cellular dysfunction and contribute to pathophysiological processes in a variety of diseases including CRC. One factor tightly associated with CRC is chronic inflammation, which can be present from the earliest stage of tumor onset. Unpolished rice is an attractive chemoprevention in CRC due to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this paper is to review evidence linking oxidative stress and inflammation to CRC and to provide essential background information for understanding future research on oxidative stress and inflammation on CRC. Mechanisms of action of unpolished rice in CRC carcinogenesis are also discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of urea-treated rice straw feeding on the growth performance of crossbred Holstein heifers under different feeding conditions. In the first experiment, the animals were given diets having 2 levels of TDN and CP and 3 levels of crude fiber (22, 30 and 36%) which were formulated with urea-treated rice straw and concentrates. Daily weight gain of heifers was not different between 22% and 30% CF diets, but the reduction of TDN or CP level to 90% of the requirements decreased the weight gain. Fiber content of 36% also reduced the body weight gain. The reduction of TDN significantly reduced DM intake and increased feed conversion ratio. Feed cost per kg weight gain was significantly increased by an increase in CF to 36%. In the second experiment, separate feeding and total mixing feeding were compared. There were no significant differences between the two feeding systems in body weight gain although the possibility of superiority in SF to TMF remained. DM intake was not affected by the feeding system, but 30% CF diet gave higher DM intake. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lower in the 30% CF diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 1994

Forty cross bred ($168\;{\pm}\;28\;kg$) bull calves were offered either untreated (US) or urea ammonia treated (TS) rice straw at five levels of feeding, namely; 60, 80, 100, 120 140% of ad libitum. Ad libitum level for each animal was estimated over a period of one month, which was followed by a preliminary period of 21 days and a collection period of 15 days. The maximum organic matter intake (OMI-kg/100 kg BW) were 2.08 and 3.35 for US and TS, respectively and urea treatment increased the maximum OMI by 61% than for US. In order to reach maximum intake the amount feed refusal should be 25% for US, but with TS maximum intake was not reached even when the amount of feed refused was 39% of that consumed. The OMD of US significantly decreased with increase in OMI, whereas with TS the decrease was not significant. The inability of animals to select between stems and leaves particularly in TS might be one of the reasons for its constant digestibility. Considering the substantial increases in intake and the negative effect on digestibility of US, further trials are warranted, as well as studies to determine the practical implications.