• Lingua Humanitatis
• /
• v.8
• /
• pp.199-221
• /
• 2006

The writing systems of the Silla dynasty, the Kugyol(口訣), had influenced the earlier states of Japanes Kunten(假片) during the 8th century. Japanese developed their own writing system, Kunten(訓点) after the 9th century. The Silla Kugyol was inscribed by Gagpil(角筆), a kind of ancient stylus, which seems to be originated in China and India. There are two main streams of Asian script culture. One is from China: a brush-pen culture for East asian calligraphy, named Seoye(書藝) or Seodo(書道). The other is from India: a tusk-pen culture for inscribing Buddha's words. In Korean peninsular, we can find the traces from Buddist texts inscribed by the Gagpil, a tusk-pen. We can find new writing system in the books of the Silla, penod, Panbilyanglon(判比量論), Hwaeommuneuiyogyol(華嚴文義要訣) etc. The scripts inscribed by gagpil was a totally phonetic system with dots and lines etc., like Hangul strokes was invented by I king Sejong 800 years later. The old system was used until 15th century before the invention of Hangul scripts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.595-598
• /
• 1989

Bovine embryos/ova obtained from in-vitro fertilization were either co-cultured on a monolayer of bovine cumulus cells or cultured in medium alone. Embryos/ova co-cultured with cumulus cells developed to 8-cell (30.9%), morula (29.8%) and blastocyst stages (26.6%) after 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 days of culture, respectively, while embryos/ova cultured in medium alone failed to develop beyond 8-cell (0-13.3%), morula (0-1.5%) and blastocyst stages (0%). The results of this study demonstrated the beneficial effect of cumulus cells on the development of bovine embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.1015-1022
• /
• 2007

The spermatogonial stem cell (SSCs) is unique in that it is the only cell in the adult male that can contribute genes to a subsequent generation. Permanent modification of the germ cell line may be realized if stem cells could be cultured, transfected with unique genes, and then transplanted into recipient testes. We developed a culture system that supported long-term viability of SSCs. We used a retrovirus vector (pMSCV including ${\beta}$-galactosidase) to stably transfect spermatogonia following long-term culture using the system developed. Expression of the reporter gene ${\beta}$-galactosidase controlled by the retroviral vector was stable in long-term cultured SSCs. We confirmed the retroviral-mediated ${\beta}$-galactsidase gene could be expressed in germ cells in recipient mice following SSCs transplantation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1993

To study the Koryo dynasty (14th Century) diet culture, $\ulcorner$Bak Tong Sa$\lrcorner$&$\ulcorner$No Kul Dae$\lrcorner$were analyzed. $\ulcorner$Bak Tong Sa$\lrcorner$and$\ulcorner$No Kul Dae$\lrcorner$are the book of Chinese dialogue book which were published 14C Koryo dynasty. The results obtained from the study were as follows: 1. Vegtables were 40 varieties involving the representative vegetables in Koryo dynasty. 2. Lamb and pork were the most popular meat I Won dynasty (Chinese) and the meat were popular in 14C Koryo dynasty. 3. Cook menu introduced I these books were 40 varieties and the full course menu were used in Han dynasty Banquet. 4. Cooking tools were various to survey Koryo dynasty cooking tools culture.

• Asian review of World Histories
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.113-135
• /
• 2015

The word 'urbanity' literally means 'quality or state of being urban' where the criterion of urban economic and civic culture is assumed despite the general celebration of cultural uniqueness of urban centers. The narratives celebrating the uniqueness of urban centers since the ancient past till recent times could not get rid of the broad categorization of the urban models depending on their contextual networks of trade, mobility and culture. This paper attempts to explore whether the urban cultures in South Asia even preceding a global phenomenon like colonialism were actually reflecting an idea of urbanity where the urban culture, including planning and architecture reflected a trans-national model. This paper particularly concentrates on the medieval period when a pattern of urbanity took shape in this subcontinent under the influence of Islam, which could be explained by its particular idea of urban model, cultural exchange and vibrant trade networks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.195-197
• /
• 1996

Peking duck embryos incubated for 82 hrs after oviposition, stage 18 to 20(Hamberger and Hamilton, 1951) were transferred into the recipient eggshells and further incubated at $38.0^{\circ}C$ RH(relative humidity) 60 to 70%, with rotation at an angle of $30^{\circ}$ and the frequency of 4 times an hour. The survival rate was 100, 98, 82, 82, 70, 46, 21 and 16%, after the incubation period of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 29 days, respectively. The present result clearly shows that the ex ova culture is possible for the Peking duck just as in the cases of the chicken or the quail. This culture technique could be useful for experimental manipulation of the embryos.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.55-80
• /
• 2019

The New Culture Movement marked the dawning of a turbulent era in China. By the time of May Fourth Movement, the cultural contradiction and confliction grew into an extensive and enduring social movement extending deep and far-reaching influence on the Chinese society. The huge difference and contradiction existing between the Beijing and Shanghai cultures contributed to the outbreak of this social movement. To be specific, there was an active human and information exchange involving the two leading Chinese cities and at the same time the old and new cultures, thoughts and moralities constantly acted upon each other.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.274-278
• /
• 2002

A culture system for lactating rat mammary acini was evaluated, where the primary indicator of performance was lactose secretion, measured by a sensitive bioluminescence assay. Lactose secretion was reduced by half (p<0.01) over the first 6 h of culture by overnight feed withdrawal (FW) from tissue donors but was sensitive to increased glucose concentration in the culture media (p<0.001) up to 30 mM. Lactose production of cells from fed donors over the first 6 h in culture in 30 mM glucose was 8.9 fmol/cell/h - a rate calculated to be about half that in vivo. No significant difference was shown in lactose secretion by cells from fed or FW rats over 6-24 h. Lactose secretion was 3.6 fmol/cell/h by cells from fed animals in 40 mM glucose concentration media over the 6-24 h culture period. Addition of insulin to the culture media had no effect on rates of lactose secretion while addition of prolactin and hydrocortisone, with or without insulin, significantly (p<0.001) decreased lactose production over both 0-6 h and 6-24 h culture periods. Lactose synthesis in vitro was significantly enhanced by aeration of the media during collagenase digestion of mammary tissue (p<0.05). No improvement in lactose secretion was effected by shaking of cells during culture, Matrigel coating of culture dishes or change in cell density over a range up to 2.5 million cells per ml.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.411-412
• /
• 1989

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.348-363
• /
• 2017

We analyzed the mixed culture characteristics of isolated brewing fungi obtained from Korean traditional nuruk for their development as fermentation starters. In a previous study, we selected appropriate fungi strains based on their large fungi bodies and strong enzyme activities. These fungi strains were mixed cultured under various combination of ratios, pHs and temperatures. As a result, total acidities of R. delemar mixed culture media were higher than those of A. oryzae cultured at $20^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. The pHs of A. luchuensis 34-1 and A. oryzae 37-7 as well as R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 mixed culture media gradually increased with the culture period. On the contrary, total acidities of the mixed culture media gradually decreased. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activities of R. delemar 26-4 and R. oryzae 82-7 mixed culture media were strong at $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 4, glucoamylase activities of R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 were strong at $37^{\circ}C$, pH 3 and 1:2 ratio, and acidic protease activities of R. delemar 26-4 and A. oryzae 78-5 were strong at $20^{\circ}C$, pH 4 and 1:4 ratio. This study provides the optimal mixed culture conditions for fermentation starters based on changes in pH and total acidity, favorable enzyme activities, and fungi varieties.