• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.16.1-16.11
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• 2018

Background: In their first days of life, dairy calves in artificial rearing systems often have difficulty using an artificial teat for feeding. Methods: We examined the age at which calves are able to stand up voluntarily and suckle as well as their suckling behavior when presented with a plain dry teat versus a dry teat modified with a presumably attractive odor or taste substance. Single-housed newborn dairy calves (n = 51) were presented for ten consecutive days with a two-minute two-choice test, in which suckling time was recorded for 1) a plain (control) teat versus a glucose-coated teat (taste test) and 2) a plain teat versus a teat with a "Freshly Cut Grass" odor (odor test). Results: On average, the calves were able to stand up voluntarily and suckle from the second or third day of age on. The "Freshly Cut Grass" odor had no significant effect on their suckling behavior. In contrast, the calves showed a significant preference for suckling the glucose-coated teat and displayed a significantly longer total suckling time in the taste test compared to the odor test. There were no significant differences between sexes regarding suckling behavior. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that glucose had a significant effect on the calves' teat preference and significantly increased total suckling time with a dry artificial teat. As such, glucose may increase suckling motivation in non-efficient drinkers or ill calves with low motivation to suckle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1963

1. Anatomical and histological study on the bovine teat have been described. 2. Two different types of suture methods were applied to the artificial leaking teats experimentally produced in laboratory and the accuracy between the two methods have been compared. 3. The instruments, anesthesia, restraint of animal and surgical technic used in the surgical correction of leaking teats in writers hand have been described. 4. Of the eleven cases of leaking teats operated in the field, seven cases healed perfectly and the rest of cases failed to heal due to the faulty postoperative care in owner's hands and or writer's surgical error.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

A Robotic milking cluster system with the manipulator for an automatic milking system was designed and built for farmer to work easily and comfortably during milking processing. The cluster system was composed of screws, cams and links for power transmission, DC motors, the Quick Basic one-chip microprocessor, the vision system for image processing, and tea-cups. Software, written in Visual C+ and Quick Basic, combined the function of image capture, image processing, milking cluster control, and control into one control. The unit was made to transfer from four fixed points to four teats with four teat-cups. Performance tests of the cluster unit, the fully integrated system, were conducted to attach and detach the teat-cup on the teat of a artificial cow. The transfer programming provided for a teat-cup milking loop during the system starts and comes back the original fixed point at the manipulator of it for milking. It transferred the teat-cup with a success rate of more than 70%. The average time it took ot perform the milking loop was about 20 seconds.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to report prevalence and to identify risk factors of subclinical mastitis of dairy cattle in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among 325 dairy farms of the district 12 farms(3.7%) were selected conveniently for this study. All the dairy cows of the 12 farms were selected for sample collection. Fresh milk samples from each of the selected dairy cows were collected aseptically in separate sterilized test tube as RF, RH, LF and LH quarter of the udder. Rapid modified White Side Test(WST) was used to detect subclinical mastitis(SCM). Results of WST and data derived from filled in questionnaire were entered in Microsoft Excel 2003 and transferred to $STATA^{(R)}$, version 8.0/Intercooled(Stata Corporation, Texas, USA, 2003). The overall prevalence of SCM and its distribution in different categories of variables in cow and their exact binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated in $STATA^{(R)}$. Simple bivariable associations among independent variables were investigated by $x^2$ test in $STATA^{(R)}$. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward elimination method was used to identify risk factors of SCM. To identify significant variation in quarter SCM, linear regression analysis was performed after arcsine transformation of the data. The overall prevalence of SCM found in this study is 54%. Dairy cows with teat lesions had significantly increased SCM(OR=12342, P value=0.000, 95% CI=762, 199798) than others without teat lesions. The Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwal breed has significantly decreased(OR=0.18, p=0.03, 95% CI 0.04, 0.85) SCM than other breeds. The prevalence of SCM found in this study is in agreement with others. The injury in the teat increases the probability of getting infected with microbes and thereby mastitis. If the prevalence of teat lesion can be decreased the probability of subclinical mastitis will also be decreased. The negatively associated Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwall breed may help in planning mastitis control program if this finding can be validated by a more powerful case-control or cohort study design.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 1976

Six cases of gangreous mastitis of goats infected spontaneously were observed clinically and pathologically in Daegu and Daejeon district. and with strain isolated purely from the infected goats, the artificial infection to the animal was examined, the sensitivity of strain to the antibiotics was tested and clinical treatment was carried out. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. In the six cases approximately same clinical findings were observed as the previously published literatures on gangrenous mastitis of cattle, sheep and goats. 2. The micrococcus pyogenes var aureus was highly virulent strain which was the causative organism for the gangrenous mastitis by inoculating in the udder. 3. The gangrenous mastis was probably occured by the formation of thrombosis in veins of udder. 4. In the sensitivity test, the micrococcus pyogenes var aureus resited for penicillin in 2 cases among the 6 strains, but sensitived for streptomycin, chloromycin, oxyteracycline, erythromycin, achromycin, neomycin and kanamycin in other 4 and in all case. 5. The treatment for gangrenous mastitis may be extirpated the gangrenous region surgically in the case of unilaterally or locally affected, treated by muscle injection or teat-operation in the case of severely or diffusely affected and infused antibiotics up to teat canal or treated by mammary tissue injection in the case of slightly affected.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.755-762
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• 2007

For the evaluation of the load carrying capacity of the deteriorated PSC I girder bridge in service load state and the verification of the grade to the reinforcement effect of actual bridge strengthened by external prestressing tendons, the field test using vehicles is applied widely. Because this teat was executed in elastic range, the investigation of the characteristics of behavior caused by live load is only available. And it is impossible to estimate load carrying capacity in limit state and nonlinear behavior after that a crack is appeared. In this study, the 27-year-old prestressed concrete girder bridge is used and various load tests are performed, so we evaluate the behavior characteristics of the bridge in service load state and ultimate load state, and estimate the load carrying capacity of bridge. In addition, the artificial damages are induced from cutting internal tendons, and external tendons is added to strengthen it as much as vanished internal tendons. Next we compare the damage state with the strengthening state. In case of the application of external prestressing method to PSC I girder bridge, the present experiment result may decide more exactly the load carrying capacity of actual bridge, the amount for reinforcement, and the standard of quality control etc. at reinforcement work.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.244-257
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• 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency oscillations on the cow udder, milk parameters, and animal welfare during the automated milking process. The study's objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency oscillations on the udder and teats' blood circulation by creating a mathematical model of mammary glands, using milkers and vibrators to analyze the theoretical dynamics of oscillations. The mechanical vibration device developed and tested in the study was mounted on a DeLaval automatic milking machine, which excited the udder with low-frequency oscillations, allowing the analysis of input parameters (temperature, oscillation amplitude) and using feedback data, changing the device parameters such as vibration frequency and duration. The experimental study was performed using an artificial cow's udder model with and without milk and a DeLaval milking machine, exciting the model with low-frequency harmonic oscillations (frequency range 15-60 Hz, vibration amplitude 2-5 mm). The investigation in vitro applying low-frequency of the vibration system's first-order frequencies in lateral (X) direction showed the low-frequency values of 23.5-26.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 25.0 Hz). The tested values of the first-order frequency of the vibration system in the vertical (Y) direction were 37.5-41.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 41.0 Hz), with higher amplitude and lower vibration damping. During in vivo experiments, while milking, the vibrator was inducing mechanical milking-similar vibrations in the udder. The vibrations were spreading to the entire udder and caused physiotherapeutic effects such as activated physiological processes and increased udder base temperature by 0.57℃ (p < 0.001), thus increasing blood flow in the udder. Used low-frequency vibrations did not significantly affect milk yield, milk composition, milk quality indicators, and animal welfare. The investigation results showed that applying low-frequency vibration on a cow udder during automatic milking is a non-invasive, efficient method to stimulate blood circulation in the udder and improve teat and udder health without changing milk quality and production. Further studies will be carried out in the following research phase on clinical and subclinical mastitis cows.