• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.1 s.42
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• pp.39-44
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• 1980

The outbreak of the pear rust caused by Gymnosporangium haraenum SYDOW has increased gradually since 1973, and amounted to 60.3 percent infection of leaves in 1975. But it has reduced due to regulation of juniper plantings by Plant Protection Law enacted in 1974. The teliospores of C. haraeanum germinated from middle of April to middle of May under natural condition. The germination of teliospores was observed 5 day earlier under laboratory condition with the artificial rainfall than that of natural condition. It was required considerable rainfall and longer than 3hr rainy period to germinate teliospores after being matured. Infection of rear leaves took place in the rain or just after the rain, but not after 24hr. The incubation period of G. haraeanum on the leaf was 9 to 10 days. In case that the distance between orchard and juniper trees was less than loom, almost all of the pears were infected, but the chance oft infection reduced in proportion as the distance increased. No infection occurred at the distance of further than 2000m.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.255-266
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• 1999

The early development, growth, and morphological changes of Tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes are described on the basis of a seres of a series of reared specimens. Detailed o수 the early developmental stages are illusrtated withe special reference to morphological transformation. Egg and sperm of puffer fish Takifugu rubripes were obtained from mature adults under natural conditions, ferilized artificially and incubated in the laboratory. The incubation period of fertilizd eggs was 160 to 180 hours at a temperature of $15.1~ 18.0^{\circ}C$. Larvae were fed successively with rotifer, Artemia nauplii and artificial food for 90 days. The mean total length of newly-hatched larvae was about 2.8mm. Mouth opening occurred on the 1- day yolk-sac larvae and initial feeding was observed on th 4-5 days after hatching . The morphological transitions from the larvae to juvenile and juvenile and juvenile to young stages occurred when fish reached about 10mm in total length(about 30 days after hatching) and about 32mm in total length(about 60days after hatching) , respectively. The coefficient of variation in total length distribution increased with growth. Following the appearance of its peak at the size of about 18mm in total length, the coefficient value declined. Many changes in proportion of the body parts to total length were observed at about 9~10mm and 30~33mm in total length, corresponding to the transformations from larvae to juvenile and from juvenile to young, respectively. Also one big morphological change was observed at about 18mm in total length that divide the juvenile stage into two sub-stages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1743-1748
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• 2003

The effect of pH on the fermentation characteristics and the formation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid by mixed ruminal bacteria was examined in vitro when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Concentrate (1%, w/v) with ground linseed (0.6%, w/v) or rapeseed (0.5%, w/v) was added to 600 ml mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v), and was incubated anaerobically for 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. The pH of culture solution was maintained at level close to 4.5, 5.3, 6.1 and 6.9 with 30% $H_2SO_4$ or 30% NaOH solution. pH increment resulted in increases of ammonia and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in culture solutions containing both oilseeds. Fermentation did not proceeded at pH 4.5. Molar proportion of acetate decreased but that of propionate increased as pH increased when incubated with oilseeds. While the hydrogenating process was very slow at the pH range of 4.5 to 5.3, rapid hydrogenation was found from the culture solutions of pH 6.1 and 6.9 when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. As pH in culture solution of linseed or rapeseed increases proportions of oleic acid (cis-9 $C_{18:1}$) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid increased but those of linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased. The CLA proportion increased with pH in culture solution containing rapeseed but CLA was mostly not detected from the incubation of linseed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2017

Perhaps the most common type of reproductive dysfunction in captive fish is failure of females to undergo final oocyte maturation and thus to ovulate and spawn. The success of aquaculture could therefore be improved by developing techniques to enhance natural spawning, artificial maturation, and/or to induce ovulation in farmed fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$) on in vitro oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) and ovulation in the marine fish Chasmichthys dolichognathus. Post-vitellogenic follicles (0.80-0.94 mm diameter oocytes) were incubated with $PGE_2$ or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at concentrations of 5, 50, or 500 ng/mL for 24 hours. A significant increase in GVBD was seen in 0.84 mm and 0.94 mm oocytes incubated with 50 ng/mL $PGE_2$ compared with the control. There was no significant increase in GVBD in any of the other experimental conditions (5 or 500 ng/mL $PGE_2$ or 5, 50, or 500 ng/mL $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$). Neither of the prostaglandins induced ovulation at the concentrations tested.These results suggest that GVBD was induced by incubation with 50 ng/mL $PGE_2$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.546-549
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• 2000

For the establishment of biodetoxification method which can be acceptable for live bivalves, paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) detoxification bacteria were isolated from sea water and bivalves, and PSP detoxification activity and optimal growth condition of the isolated strains were investigated. from the bivalve and sea water samples, 8 strains of PSP detoxification bacteria were isolated. Of the isolated strains, CW-6 isolated from sea water shown strong PSP detoxification activity and decomposed completely 18 nmole/g of GTX2 after 3 days incubation in artificial medium. The selected stain CW-6 shown typical characteristics of the Enterobacter sp. and identified as Enterobacter sp, CW-6. Optimal growth condition of the Enterobacter sp. CW-6 were $35^{\circ}C$, pH 7 and $NaCl 1{\%}$, respectively.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.1 s.18
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• pp.81-94
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• 1999

This Study aims at searching the meanings in the creative process of Ronchamp chapel by analyzing the drawings of the site, plan, section and elevation in chronological order. The origins of his architectural creation are identifying with the site(memories of Acropolis), analogies of crab shell, air plane wing and hydraulic dams. The architect informed himself about the site ,the tradition of pilgrimage associated with the place, and its devotion to the Holy Virgin; he looked into the rituals of the Catholic religion, spoke with ecclesiastics; he studied and annotated a monograph devoted to the site of Ronchamp. Also ,the plan required that it be possible to collect rainwater, since such was rare on the hill. In the first design phase, overall conception of building was carried out in the sketches and drawings from June 1950 to November 1950. The second phase in the elaboration of the project was from January 1951(at which time preliminary project was presented to the Commission of Holy Art) to April 1953. The modifications made were in response to opinions expressed by the patrons. The building moved to east and gargoyle moved to west, then, the elevations of north and west were changed. He designed the artificial land and bell tower from the first phase even after the beginning of construction ,he wanted them to be built .But they were not constructed, so the outer space for rituals of religion had no tension. I concluded that Le Corbusier had gifted ability and efforts to create spontaneous birth(after incubation) of the whole work, and the execution of drawings itself. He devoted himself to accomplish the project in spite of the change in situation or by clients.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2002

The optimal conditions for mycelial growth of P. linteus ASI 26011 were 25-30$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0, respectively. The mycelial growth of P. linteus was excellent on MCM medium. In case of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of P. linteus was best on the culture media that were contained with sucrose, mannose and glucose. Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate were good for the mycelial growth of P. linteus as a nitrogen source. For comparison of the mycelial colonization of P. linteus on logs, several techniques of inoculation were tested; the sterilized short log inoculation, drilling inoculation and log-end sandwich inoculation. The mycelial colonization of P. linteus on logs was good in the treatment of sterilized short log inoculation, but poor in the traditional methods such as drilling inoculation and log-end sandwich. The initial mycelial growth and the full mycelial colonization of P. linteus were the best on 20 cm logs under the condition of 42% of moisture content in log. Also the initial mycelial growth of P. linteus was accelerated over 12 hours of sterilization. Burying method of logs after 5-6 months of incubation was the best for formation of basidiocarp of P. linteus. The formation of fruiting body of P. linteus was quite good in the cultivation house at the 31-35$^{\circ}C$ and over 96% of relative humidity.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

A method for rapid propagation of mature Jack fruit was developed. Four types of explants (mature embryos, apical meristems of young seedlings, apices from mature plants and nodal segments) were used. It has been found 88% of young apical meristems produced shoots in Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium compared to 60% in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Only 1/3 of them produced multiple shoots. Shoot idtiation from nodal segments was very rare. Mature apices produced callus. Although removed of the sheathing cover around mature buds enhanced the shoot initiation but success rate was low in growth regulator free medium. Embryos respond to the CD medium but not to the MS medium. Embryos from seeds soaked in water for 24 hours produced shoots after 8 weeks of incubation and the success rate was 70% while embryos from dry seeds only produced roots. There was no significant effect of cold storage (refrigeration) for 7 days on shoot initiation from mature embryos (65%) but the ability for shoot induction declines with storage time (55% after 21 days of cold storage). Mature axillary buds were established in Modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium supplemented with 0.5mg/1 and IBA. There was a significant difference in the growth performance of shoots according to the period of the year in which explants were collected. Highest (60%) was observed in November-January period. It was only 30% when the explants were collected in February-April or May-July and decreased to 20% in August-October. The shoots produced in November-January showed a higher vigor than those produced in other months. Since Jak fruit show seasonal changes in fruit bearing and shedding of leaves, it can be suggested that the difference in growth performances of tissues cultured in artificial culture media would have been affected by endogenous rhythms.

• Korean Journal of Ornithology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2018

The Korean Crested ibis Nipponia Nippon is an endangered species. A pair of Crested ibis was introduced from China in October 2008, and a successful program of artificial incubation of the species, and over 200 animals have been successfully bred through the restoration project up to 2017 at Upo ibis restoration center. We assessed genetic diversity and sex determination in the Korean Crested ibis. In total, 228 Crested ibis (115 females and 113 males) were identified. And genetic diversity measures, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content values were lower in 2017 than those in 2016. The inbreeding coefficient showed that the degree of ancestry increased in 2017. The decrease in polymorphism and increase in the degree of ancestry is thought to be due to inbreeding in such a small group. In this study provided important insight into protocols for genetic management of the breeding population of Korean Crested ibis in Korea and will help in extending the restoration program.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was aimed to figure out the effect of materials and pigmentation of soft contact lens on the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus upon soft contact lenses deposited with tear components. Methods: The number of adherent S. aureus on clear and circle soft contact lenses made of etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A was measured before and after incubation in artificial tear. Furthermore, the denaturalization level of tear protein with time after incubation in artificial tear was estimated by electrophoresis. Results: The adherence of S. aureus was significantly different according to the lens materials. The pattern of bacterial adherence on clear and circle contact lenses was different. That is, the adherent amount of S. aureus was somewhat larger on circle lens made of etafilcon A however, amount on circle lenses made of hilafilcon B and nelfilcon A was 89.3% and 71.3% of the number on clear lenses. When the tear protein was deposited on contact lenses, the number of adherent bacteria decreased and its degree was varied according to the lens material. The degree of decrease was the biggest in clear soft lens made of etafilcon A. Anti-bacterial effect of tear protein decreased with time after deposition of tear protein on soft contact lens and the amount of lysozyme also decreased. The reduction of anti-bacterial effect and quantity of lysozyme was different according to contact lens materials and pigmentation. Conclusions: It was revealed that the adherence of S. aureus depends on contact lens materials and pigmentation, and the specification of lens material affects more on adherence of S.aureus than pigmentation. It was further figured out the denaturalization level of anti-bacterial protein on soft contact lens varies according to lens materials and pigmentation, which produces an effect on the quantity of bacterial adherence.