• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.315-329
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• 2003

During the 1st Korea-Russia Arctic Expedition from 3 to 26 August, 2000 phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentration were measured in the Barents and Kara Seas. Total of 57 surface samples were collected f3r the phytoplankton related measurements. Chlorophyll a (chi a) concentraitons were measured to investigate the relations between physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton biomass distribution. Chl a values ranged from 0.14 to $2.34mg\;m^{-3}$ (mean of $0.65{\pm}0.42mg\;m^{-3}$) over the surface stations. The elevated values of the chi a concentrations $(1.49{\sim}2.34mg\;m^{-3})$ were found in the southeastern Barents Sea near the Pechora River. Nanoplanktonic $(<20{\mu}m)$ phytoflagellates were the important contributors for the increase of the chi a. The nano-sized phytoflagellates accounted for more than 80% of the total chi a biomass in the study area. Mean chi a concentration in the Barents Sea $(0.72{\pm}0.57 mg\;m^{-3})$ was higher than in the Kan Sea $(0.52{\pm}0.45mg\;m^{-3})$, but there was no big difference between two areas. Surface temperatures and salinities ranged from 4.1 to $11.7^{\circ}C$ (mean of $8.8{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$) and from 23.8 to 32.5psu (mean of $30.3{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$ psu), respectively. The physical factors were not highly correlated with phytoplankton distribution. It is speculated that the insignificant correlation between phytoplankton biomass and physical factor was due to the same current which introduced similar water mass with higher water temperature and lower salinity into the study area. The mean values of major nutrients such as ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate were $0.42{\pm}0.31{\mu}M,\;0.10{\pm}0.03{\mu}M,\;1.44{\pm}1.03{\mu}M,\;0.35{\pm}0.12{\mu}M,\;10.99{\pm}3.45{\pm}M$, respectively. The relations between phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentration were not close, indicating that the surface nutrient concentrations during the study seem to be controlled by other physical factors such as input of fresh water (i.e. dilution effects).

• Maritime Security
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.311-343
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• 2020

Because of the global warming, the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice-free by the year 2035. When the Arctic Ocean will be opened, a number of national interests will become more salient as experiencing a shortened sailing distance and decreasing navigation expense, possibility of natural resources transport by sea from Arctic Circle, and indirect-profit making by building a herb port in Asia. To secure the national interests and support the free activities of people in this region, R.O.K government is trying to make advanced policies. In order to carry out the naval tasks in the Arctic Ocean, using the operational characteristics(mobility, flexibility, sustainability, presence of capabilities, projection) is necessary. To this end, ROK Navy should analyze the operational environment (O.E.) by its capability(weakness and strength), opportunity, and threat. R.O.K. Navy should make an effort over the following issues to implement the tasks in the Arctic Ocean: first, Navy needs to map out her own plan (Roadmap) under the direction of government policies and makes crews participate in the education·training programs in home and abroad for future polar experts. Third, to develop the forces and materials for the tasks in cold, far operations area, Navy should use domestic well-experienced shipbuilding skills and techniques of the fourth industrial revolution. Next, improving the combined operations capabilities and military trust with other countries in the Arctic region to cover the large area with lack of forces' number and to resolve the ports of call issues. Lastly, preparation in advance to execute a variety of missions against military and non-traditional threats such as epidemics, HA/DR, SOLAS, in the future operation area is required.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.88-92
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• 2013

The icebreaking research vessel (IBRV) ARAON had her second ice trial in the Arctic Ocean in the summer season of 2010. During the voyage, the local ice loads acting on the bow of the port side were measured using 14 strain gauges. These measurements were carried out in three icebreaking performance tests. To convert the measured strains into the local ice pressures, a finite element model of the instrumented area was developed. The influence coefficient method (ICM), which uses the influence coefficient from the finite element model, and the direct method, which uses the measured strain, were selected as the conversion methods. As a result, the maximum measured pressure was 1.236MPa, and the average difference between ICM and the direct method was about 5% for an area of $0.2m^2$. The pressure-area relationship of the measurement falls below the range of the existing pressure-area curve, which is due to the low ice strength of melted ice in the summer.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_2
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• pp.1155-1163
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• 2018

Recently, much attention has been focused on the change and role of the Arctic region due to climate change. Studies using various platforms are being conducted in the polar regions. Among them, monitoring of Arctic cryosphere information using remote sensing is the most important observational role of various scientific activities. This special issue introduces several studies on polar exploration monitoring in polar research. We hope that this special issue contributes to the sharing of information on the role of polar exploration in remote areas, as well as the identification of the current status of domestic polar exploration and remote environmental exploration. We are also looking forward to the efforts of Korean remote sensing experts to find out the persistent polar exploration field and to increase national support.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 2017

A sea cucumber was collected from Gonghyeonjin in the East Sea of Korea at a depth of 50 m on 22 June 2011 and was identified as Psolus phantapus (Strussenfelt, 1765). This species belongs to the family Psolidae of the order Dendrochirotida based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence analysis. Psolus phantapus, which widely distributes in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, is newly recorded in the Korean fauna. Two Psolus species including the previously reported P. squamatus are recorded in the East Sea of Korea.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.3 s.70
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• pp.77-81
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• 2006

In this study, design parameters of ice-transiting vessels in the world, currently in service or under construction, were collected and a database of principal particulars for each ship was established. To understand the recent design trend, ice-transiting vessels were categorized into four groups, i.e., conventional icebreakers, icebreaking tug/supply/research vessels, ice-strengthened passenger/car ferry and ice-strengthened cargo vessels. Changes in principal particulars for each group were reviewed and summarized. It was found that the most significant change in the design of ice-transiting vessels was the increment of large size commercial cargo vessels. It is believed that the recent hike of oil prices and booming of Russian economy has resulted in the need for year-round operation with bigger ships in the Baltic Sea and in the Sea of Okhotsk and also along the Northern Sea Route in Russian Arctic Sea.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

International attention on the Northern Sea Route has been increased as the decreased sea-ice extents in Northern Sea raise the possibility to develop new sea routes and natural resources. However, to protect ships' safety and pristine environments in polar waters, International Maritime Organization(IMO) has been developing the Polar Code to regulate polar shipping. The marine navigation supporting system is essential for ships traveling long distance in the Northern Sea as they are affected by ocean weather and sea-ice. Therefore, to cope with the IMO Polar Code, this research proposes the functional requirements to develop the marine navigation supporting system for the Northern Sea Route. The functional requirements derived from the IMO Polar code consist of arctic voyage risk map, arctic voyage planning and MSI(Marine Safety Information) methods, based on which the navigation supporting system is able to provide dynamic and safe-economical sea route service using the sea-ice observation and prediction technologies. Also, a requirement of the system application is derived to apply the marine navigation supporting system for authorizing ships operating in the Northern Sea. To reflect the proposed system in the Polar Code, continual international exchange and policy proposals are necessary along with the development of sea-ice observation and prediction technologies.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Although recent reports suggest that the negative correlation between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) has been strengthened, it is not clear whether this intermittent relationship is an intrinsic oscillation in the climate system. We investigate the oscillating behavior of the AO-EAWM relationship at decadal time scales using the long-term (500-yr) climate model simulation. The results show that ice cover over the East Siberian Seas is responsible for the change in the coupling strength between AO and EAWM. We found that increased ice cover over these seas strengthens the AO-EAWM linkage, subsequently enhancing cold advection over the East Asia due to anomalous northerly flow via a weakened jet stream. Thus, this strengthened relationship favors more frequent occurrences of cold surges in the EAWM region. Results also indicate that the oscillating relationship between AO and EAWM is a natural variability without anthropogenic drivers, which may help us understand the AO-EAWM linkage under climate change.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2021

The relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and surface air temperature (SAT) over Korea is re-examined using the long-term observation and reanalysis datasets for the period of December 1958 to February 2020. Over the entire period, Korean SAT is positively correlated with the AO index with a statistically significant correlation coefficient, greater than 0.4, only in the boreal winter. It is found that this correlation is not static but changes on the decadal time scale. While the 15-year moving correlations are as high as 0.6 in 1980s and 1990s, they are smaller than 0.3 in the other decades. It is revealed that this decadal variation is partly due to the AO structure change over the North Pacific. In the period of 1980s-1990s, the AO-related sea level pressure fluctuation is strong and well defined over the western North Pacific and the related temperature advection effectively changes the winter SAT over Korea. In the other periods, the AO-related circulation anomaly is either weak or mostly confined within the central North Pacific. This result suggests that Korean SAT-AO index relationship, which becomes insignificant in recent decades is highly dependent on mean flow change in the North Pacific.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.254-258
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• 2014

Field trial in ice-covered sea is one of the most important tasks in the design of icebreaking ships. To correctly estimate ice load and ice resistance on ship's hull, It is essential to understand the material properties of sea ice during ice field trials and to perform the proper experimental procedure by gathering sea ice data. A measurement of sea ice properties was conducted during February and March of 2012 with the Korean Icebreaking research vessel "ARAON" in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. This paper describes a test procedure to obtain sea ice data which provide basic information to estimate ice loads and icebreaking performance of the ship. The data gathered from sea ice field trials during the 2012 Antarctic voyage of the ARAON includes ice temperature/salinity/density and the compressive/flexural strength of sea ice. This paper analyses the gathered Antarctic sea ice material properties comparing with the previous data obtained during ARAON's Arctic and Antarctic voyages in 2010.