• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2011

Purpose: Retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) and preseptal fat pad (PSF) are deep fat structures of frontal and supraorbital area, that encounter galeal fat pad (GFP). If galeal wall is weakened by aging process, GFP loses its anchoring structure, moved downward pushing ROOF and PSF. This especially occur in lateral brow area. As a result of drooping, eyebrow affects the eyelid covering PSF as a sac descended to a lateral hooding and ptotic eyelid simultaneously. Consequently, in the case of lateral hooding and brow ptosis, besides the skin, deep fat structures (ROOF and PSF) should be corrected as well. Methods: ROOF-PSF repositioning technique in subbrow resection were performed. 21 cases of patients from April, 2007 to January, 2008. Before surgery, all patients were examined carefully to evaluate the degrees of dermatochalasia, drooping of the eyebrow, marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1), eyelid crease height. Surgery was performed under local anesthesia, then excised the drooped eyelid skin by lateral subbrow resection, removed proper amount of ROOF, repositioned ROOF-PSF at the supraorbital rim, and fix it on periosteum. During follow up periods, the patients were surveyed of the satisfaction of surgery, and postoperative MRD1 was evaluated. Results: One patient had a hematoma on left eyebrow, and another one patient had a numbness on left forehead for two months. Except for these two patients, all patients had good results without any significant complications. The mean follow up period was about 5 months, and the position of lateral eyebrow maintained above the supraorbital rim in all cases. Postoperatively, MRD1 increased by 0.8 mm in 5-months mean follow up period. Conclusion: In patient with lateral brow ptosis and lateral hooding, the ROOF-PSF repositioning technique in sub-brow resection could be a good operative option.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

This paper presents an intuitive 3D modeling interlace based on a field study and prototype development. The process and tools of modeling were observed in workshops of professional design model making, day modeling, wood caning and glass crafting. The Spray Modeling interlace was developed from the observational analysis of the field study. It is a 3D modeling interface which combines particle spraying and day modeling in Virtual or Augmented Reality space. Virtual volume particles are sprayed on frames in Augmented Reality space as day modeling. It adopts a real air spay gun as a tangible interface device which provides coherent sound and air-force feedback. The prototype development and a user study showed that the interface supports new patterns of form development and expression. Control interfaces and requirements of auxiliary devices were found to be improved. This study examines the potential of the new interlace for designers working in 3D virtual and augmented reality. The new spraying interface is also expected to be used as an alternative interface in 3D computer workspace, games, education software and media art.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2003

About 18th century in the late Chosun dynasty, various kinds of 'Min-Wha' had played a significant role and had an important meaning in the lives of the people in that period. Therefore, both in material and in technique, so many diversified 'Min-Wha' were mass produced in that time. Starting from those backgrounds, 'Hyuk-Wha', is considered as one of unique style of expression. Though, 'Hyuk-Wha', in techniques, was originated from 'Bibaekseo' classified as one of the style of expression in Oriental drawing and writing art. 'Hyuk-Wha' shows and expresses visual differentiation from rough 'Bibaekseo', in substance, written by brush made from the skin of a willow tree or the stem of a sort of reeds. 'Hyuk-Wha', in mode, has very dose relation to the process of the development of 'Min-Wha'. Judging from this point of view, 'Hyuk-Wha' has deep relationship to Taosmic character painting of 'Gilsang: an auspicious sign' or Confucian character painting of 'Hyojae: filial piety. Accordingly, 'Hyuk-Wha' has been developed to that character painting designed by another type of creative differentiations. For these reasons, 'Hyuk-Wha' which significantly shapes and contains the meanings of Chinese Character also has been esteemed to have interrelation with Pictography in application of Word mark or Brand logotype in graphic areas. 'Hyuk-Wha' which was prevalent in use of home decorations for the people existed in the past has been ceased to exist nowadays in use of home decorations by appearance of all sort of decoration articles. All these days, 'Hyuk-Wha' which was diversified as a part 'Min-Wha' and developed together with oriental drawing and writing art and character painting is to be necessarily relighted. And 'Hyuk-Wha', which is also vigorously in practical application in Western Europe is desirable to be reconsidered.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.6-19
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• 2023

As data management and intelligence capability become proxy indicators of national power, the risk provoked by high depending on digital technology ironically increases. The quicker the changes come to be, the more important digitizing existing data and management of digital data are. The management of archaeological data could not be exceptional. It has to be performed in a more comprehensive, systematic and rapid manner. In order to perform the task, the nature of archaeological data contained in the digital archive should be properly recognized in advance: the primary data are generated by excavation as a process destroying their sources, the data are enormous in type and quantity, including long-term and various human experience, and the natural extinction of primary data in handwritten form is likely to be more crucial than in any other discipline. These characteristics of archaeological data unimaginably devastated the possibility of recovering archives, when we face a digital dark age. Considering both recent trend and the nature of archaeological data mentioned above, we can derive strategies for building a sustainable archaeological digital archive. As an archaeology-major consumer of the digital data, I propose four strategic considerations: ① establishing a system of digital data literacy; ② enhancing evaluation and capability of data reuse; ③ building an international data sharing system; ④ developing it into the platform for digital archaeology.

• Archives of design research
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• v.13
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• pp.165-172
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• 1996

The National College of Art. Craft and Design of Sweden founded in 1811 is one of the oldest schools in the world and has taken very important role in the development of Scandinavian design This college usually called "Konstfack" in Sweden was transformed under the influence of Bauhaus into a modern design institute and the experiment:li curriculum and its unique teaching system was completed in the middle of 70' s The phrase "Insight och Flit" in the emblem of this school shows the Konslfack spirit which stresses the creative insight and endless diligence Korea is much different from Sweden in cultural aspects as well as in political and economic ones. In the later half of 19th century Sweden was one of the undeveloped countries in Europe and she just entered the Industrial Hevolution. Swedish culture at the time was also the barbarian one in comparison with English and Frech cultures. Even she had the difficulty in founding her own cultural identity So the Swedish intellectuals in early 20th century tried to find out "What is Swedish\ulcorner" and as the result they produced the Swedish Modern Movement style in 1950's. In this process Konstfack as well as the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design and the Svensk Form. the design magazine. has played the leading role. To look over the history and educational system of this school will be helpful for our design education. will be helpful for our design education.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.191-202
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• 2002

As family types have been diverse, patterns of living and living space became diverse as much as users are. Therefore, it is needed to provide various remodeled design of living space corresponding to changes of users'living patterns, and to provide these remodeling process to users directly on the web. In this paper, use scenario for the Internet-based Virtual Apartment Remodeling Simulator is researched as an export system to remodel space in accordance with users diverse lifestyle paradigm and the website is developed. The study consists of four parts. First, the general concept of remodeling, including the range and types of remodeling, are defined, and the misleading terms in this field are reviewed and organized by secondary research Second, fixed factors and variable factors are differentiated in the complex building for residence and business that was decided as a basic building type in this study. Third, there needed a database for consulting, final material, pre-estimation real estimation for simulation of remodeling. This database was introduced along with floor plan and elevation. Finally, the remodeling simulator is presented by the case study developed on the web. The system structure and use scenario are also presented. In order to present and inspect design alternatives, prototype was produced. The Final simulator was enhanced by defeating problems regarding interface efficiency and missing information of existing online site.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic $\beta$ cells by a progressive $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmune process. The pathogenesis of autoimmune IDDM has been extensively studied for the past two decades using animal models such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. However, the initial events that trigger the immune responses leading to the selective destruction of the $\beta$ cells are poorly understood. It is thought that $\beta$ cell auto-antigens are involved in the triggering of $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmunity. Among a dozen putative $\beta$ cell autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has bee proposed as perhaps the strongest candidate in both humans and the NOD mouse. In the NOD mouse, GAD, as compared with other $\beta$ cell autoantigens, provokes the earliest T cell proliferative response. The suppression of GAD expression in the $\beta$ cells results in the prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, the major populations of cells infiltrating the iselts during the early stage of insulitis in BB rats and NOD mice are macrophages and dendritic cells. The inactivation of macrophages in NOD mice results in the prevention of T cell mediated autoimmune diabetes. Macrophages are primary contributors to the creation of the immune environment conducive to the development and activation of $\beta$cell-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that cause autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are both believed to be important for the destruction of $\beta$ cells. These cells, as final effectors, can kill the insulin-producing $\beta$ cells by the induction of apoptosis. In addition, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells release granzyme and cytolysin (perforin), which are also toxic to $\beta$ cells. In this way, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells act synergistically to kill the $\beta$ cells in conjunction with $\beta$ cell autoantigens and MHC class I and II antigens, resulting in the onset of autoimmune type I diabetes.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.119-128
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• 2006

The scale of visual expression has expanded from freeze frame to motion picture as media have developed. Moving pictures such as animation, movies, TV CM and GUI become formative elements whose movement is necessary compared to freeze frame as apparent movement phenomenon and unit structure such as short and scene appear. Therefore, of formative elements such as a shape, color, space, size and movement, movement is importantly distinguished in the moving image. The expression and form of image as a relationship between the signified and signifier explained by Saussure are accepted as a sign by mutual complement even though they limit the content. This makes it possible to infer that the formal feature of movement participates in the message content. To verify this, the result of moving picture visual perception experiment based on the gestalt grouping principle result shows that 70-80 percent of subjects think that 'movement' is the important grouping clue in perception. Movement affects the maintenance of the context of message content in the communication process when the meaning structure of moving picture is analyzed based on the structural feature. The identity can be maintained with if there is a movement with similar directive point even if the color and shape of people, things and background are changed. Second, the clarity of the content is elevated by a distinguished object as a figure by movement. Third, it acts as a knowledge representation which can predict similar movement process of next information processing. Forth, movement gives the content consistency even though more than two scenes have fast switch and complicated editing structure like cross-cutting. Movement becomes a clue which can make grouping information input by visual perception reaction. Also, it gives the order to the visual expression which can be used improperly by formation of structural frame of image message and has the effectiveness which elevates the clarity of signification. Moving picture has discourse with several mixed unit structures because it fundamentally contains time and the common and distinguished expression is needed by media-mix circumstances. Therefore, by the application of gestalt grouping principle to moving picture field, movement becomes the more distinguished than other formative elements and affects the formation of meaning structure. This study propose a viewpoint that develops structural formative beauty and new image expression in the media image field.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to assess whether the functional regeneration of a lyophilized autografted cartilage could be improved by implanting a vascularized muscle flap into the medullary canal of autografted proximal humerus. A hemijoint reconstruction using a lyophilized osteochondral autograft in proximal humerus was done in 4 rabbits for control, and combined with an vascularized intramedullary muscle flap in another 4 rabbits for the experimental group. Graft healing and the repair process of osteochondral graft were followed by serial radiographs and histologic changes for 9 weeks after experiments. Each two rabbits in control and in experimental group on 5th and 9th week after implantation of hemijoint were sacrified. The results were as follows: 1. All of control and experimental froups on 5th week united solidly on osteotomized site radiologically, but their articular cartilages were destroyed more seriously in the control than that in experimental group with muscle flap on 5th and 9th week after experiment... 2. Histochemically, the cartilage surface are completely destroyed and revealed with severe osteoarthritic changes on all cartilage layers in control, but cartilaginous erosions are mild to moderate and their arthritic changes are also mild with somewhat regeneration of chondrocytes on deep layers more prominetly on 9th week of the experimental group. 3. The amount of collagen and protenized matrix which was determined by Masson-Trichrome stain was markedly decreased that means the weakness of bony strength and low osteogenic potential in lyophilized cartilage. These results suggest that an intramedullary vascularized muscle flap can improve the functional results of lyophilized osteochondral autograft by providing both increased vascularity and populations of mesenchymal cells to initiate new bone formation on osteotomized site as well as the regeneration of deep layers in articular cartilage. In clinical relevances, this lyophilized hemijoint autograft combined with an intramedullary vascularized muscle pedicle graft might be used very effectively for the treatment of malignant long bone tumors to preserve the joint functions, all or partly, and so to replace it with the artificial joint after tumor excision and hemijoint autograft.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2010

Purpose: In accordance with the increasing number of accidents caused by various reasons and recently developed fine diagnostic skills, the incidence of orbital blow-out fracture cases is increasing. As it causes complications, such as diplopia and enophthalmos, surgical reduction is commonly required. This article reports a retrospective series of 5 blow-out fracture cases that had unusual nerve injuries after reduction operations. We represents the clinical experiences about treatment process and follow-up. Methods: From January 2000 to August 2009, we treated total 705 blow-out fracture patients. Among them, there were 5 patients (0.71%) who suffered from postoperative neurologic complications. In all patients, the surgery was performed with open reduction with insertion of $Medpor^{(R)}$. Clinical symptoms and signs were a little different from each other. Results: In case 1, the diagnosis was oculomotor nerve palsy. The diagnosis of the case 2 was superior orbital fissure syndrome, case 3 was abducens nerve palsy, and case 4 was idiopathic supraorbital nerve injury. The last case 5 was diagnosed as optic neuropathy. Most of the causes were extended fracture, especially accompanied with medial and inferomedial orbital blow-out fracture. Extensive dissection and eyeball swelling, and over-retraction by assistants were also one of the causes. Immediately, we performed reexploration procedure to remove hematomas, decompress and check the incarceration. After that, we checked VEP (visual evoked potential), visual field test, electromyogram. With ophthalmologic test and followup CT, we can rule out the orbital apex syndrome. We gave $Salon^{(R)}$ (methylprednisolone, Hanlim pharmaceuticals) 500 mg twice a day for 3 days and let them bed rest. After that, we were tapering the high dose steroid with $Methylon^{(R)}$ (methylprednisolon 4 mg, Kunwha pharmaceuticals) 20 mg three times a day. Usually, it takes 1.2 months to recover from the nerve injury. Conclusion: According to the extent of nerve injury after the surgery of orbital blow-out fracture, the clinical symptoms were different. The most important point is to decide quickly whether the optic nerve injury occurred or not. Therefore, it is necess is to diagnose the nerve injury immediately, perform reexploration for decompression and use corticosteroid adequately. In other words, the early diagnosis and treatment is most important.