• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.365-374
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• 2023

This paper presents a new scheme for constructing locking-free finite elements in thick and thin plates, called Discrete Shear Gap element (DSG), using multiphase material topology optimization for triangular elements of Reissner-Mindlin plates. Besides, common methods are also presented in this article, such as quadrilateral element (Q4) and reduced integration method. Moreover, when the plate gets too thin, the transverse shear-locking problem arises. To avoid that phenomenon, the stabilized discrete shear gap technique is utilized in the DSG3 system stiffness matrix formulation. The accuracy and efficiency of DSG are demonstrated by the numerical examples, and many superior properties are presented, such as being a strong competitor to the common kind of Q4 elements in the static topology optimization and its computed results are confirmed against those derived from the three-node triangular element, and other existing solutions.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2016

This study analyzes the four composition elements : profile, anchorage and connection, material and member rigidity, stability, as the main composition design elements of flexure structure systems, in order to explore possibilities for more various structure designs in architectures with flexure structure system. It also examines typical design methods that use the mentioned four composition elements. At the results, this research presents an understanding of the differences between funicular shape and non-funicular shape and mechanical features of the shapes in the profile element, regarding to the ratio of rise height to span length(f/l). Also, the typical design methods are presented for the designable usages of the hinge joints and the fix joints, and for the applications of member rigidity expressed by the index of the ratio of member depth to span length(d/l). And it was presented that connection styles, addition of brace members, placement of shear walls are the main design methods in the stability element. This data would be useful to architectural designs concerning integrated design with structures.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.83-95
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• 2008

This study was firstly to reflect upon the background of the generation and the urban spatial value and significance of the medieval plaza. The main aim of this study was to extract the spatial determinants which give the great influence on the formation of the medieval plaza and in addition the endogenous rules and aesthetical grounds regarding the respective elements. Especially they could be applied to the design guideline. They are dimension(volume and scale), shape, elevation as the morphological elements and enclosure, proportion, grade difference, spatial sequence and plaza group as the spatial determinants and visual sequence, visual or spatial boundary, approaching axis and perspective effect as the aesthetic and visual elements and function(use), human behaviour as the social-behavioral elements and otherwise, for instance, plaza furniture, ground decoration and vegetation. This study was intended to analyze each elements based on the classical historical literatures and to suggest the planning conditions for composing the ideal plaza referring to the cases and literature review on the medieval plaza and finally is expected to contribute to the plaza design methodology.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2008

Borrowed landscape is an Oriental gardening method to draw inside external natural landscape, and borrowed landscape of Japan has a different characteristic from that of Korea or China nature is manipulated and re-interpreted by human will in the course of applying it to architectural space. In other words, not the original scenery, but manipulated one appears which is cut, reduced, or deleted by architectural elements such as wall, window, or fence. Therefore, this study examined how architectural structure of Ando Tadao symbolizing modernist architecture understood and adopted Japanese traditional views on nature, that is, borrowed landscape. To this end, on the basis of the understanding on 'polymerization of abstraction and form' he mentioned, his geometric architectural principles are discussed, since this serves to be an important beginning of architectural concretization by the concept of 'form' experienced and perceived by human being through geometric means called architecture 'abstraction.' The findings of this study are as follows: first, it was found that Ando Tadao generates borrowed landscape effects by polymerizing and manipulating his simple and geometric structures with each other and thereby editing natural scenery, while Japanese traditional borrowed landscape introduces source scenery inside, through condensation and symbolization. Second, the results of this study revealed that his architecture functions to transcend external and internal realm of a space, which is also observed in Japanese traditional architectural borrowed landscape. Therefore, this study is considered significant in the sense that it proved that Ando Tadao's architectural language is based on borrowed landscape as a specific Japanese traditional element, going beyond the scope of previous studies focusing simply on the introduction of natural elements.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2013

The Contemporary consumer society demands companies to emphasize more on the brand marketing that can deliver the brand identities distinguished from those of competing companies. In today's environment, the meaning of consumption is not only a simple purchase of a product, but also assimilation into images, experience and emotional aspects of the brand. The flagship stores of brands take the advantage of the tendency seriously and utilize the envelopes of the building as marketing catalysts to establish their brand identities. This paper aims to investigate the possibility of the architectural envelope as a marketing element to establish the brand identities, by analyzing the design techniques that enhance the visual effects utilizing innovative application of material, pattern and connection details. it is studied that the function of architectural envelope's change from past to recent date and role of architectural envelope as means of marketing for expression brand image in contemporary commerce space and elements that can be applied on architectural envelope with theoretical consideration about marketing and brand identity. Also this paper will research about experience elements because the process for consumers to recognize brand image with architecture is the process of visual experience. And through example research, this paper will study interrelationship between visual system of cognition to be expressed on architectural envelope.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.209-216
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to know the important design element for a public library, after analyzing design concept and organization of space of the prize winner at the architectural competition. To carry out the research, the best 31 works between the year of 2005 and 2010 were collected by the architectural magazine A&C published in every other month. During the research, special characters of each prize winner have been analyzed in the aspect of the design concept and the organization of space. While working on the design concept, a factor that created such concept was successfully figured out, and studying on the organization of space enabled us to know the special characters of the interior space. According to the result of the analysis in this study, the design elements which are selected highly frequent are ordered as follows; (1)organization of space, (2)function & shape, (3)circulation, (4)landscape, (5)symbolic aspect. Through the analysis for the organization of space, I reach a conclusion, the frequent type is a "PM-ES-CJ". The study is anticipated to be helpful in understanding the trends in the field of designing a public library, and it is also likely for an architect to use it as a reference.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.1 s.14
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• pp.31-48
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• 1998

Soengyo-jang has some characteristics as the most great house, the special functions, and the non-regional type of house form. And it has constructed continuously for two centuries by many owners in the different generations, It needs a special research method ; which are consist of a) comprehension of background information from documents and oral instructed materials, b) pursuit of design process through the building survey, and c) theoretical interpretation about 'collectivism'. From the results of this research, it is revealed that the architectural purpose of this house was constructing 'a great manor'. At first phase, it had been a single ordinary house, at second, it had expanded to a complex including many housing clusters, and finally became to expand its dwelling territory into whole village. Its expansion was progressed by the four collecting phases of which were building, building cluster, group of clusters, and topological setting. Main design elements operated in each of collecting phases ; they were partial element of , exterior spaces of , a linear building of , and a pavilion of . The last two elements were also powerful datum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.448-456
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• 2010

The mechanical behavior of granular soils is affected by particle bonding including natural cementation. This study addresses a simple model of small strain stiffness and salt concentration based on wave measurements of salt-cemented particulate media. Published models of artificially cemented soils with different curing methods and several types of cementation agents are reviewed. Glass beads with the median diameter of D50 = 0.5mm are prepared in rectangular cells using the water-pluviated method in salt water with different concentrations. Piezo disk elements and bender elements embedded in the cell are used for the measurements of compressional and shear waves. The relationships between elastic wave velocities and salt concentration show an exponential function. The measured small strain stiffness matches well the predicted small strain stiffness based on micromechanics for simple cubic monosized sphere particles. This study demonstrates that the salt concentration in salt-cemented specimen may be evaluated by using elastic wave velocities.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the physical characteristics and architectural ornaments of the walls (DamJang) and their bordering area that defines the Rear Garden of Changdeok-gung, one of the Royal Palaces in Seoul. This area, centered on Buyong-ji(부용지) and Aeryeon-ji(애련지), features the morphological diversity of buildings, walls, gates and stone bases in the palace. The findings are summarized as follows: First, DamJang, as a basic architectural element for the space organization, takes a set of various forms featuring different construction materials while responding positively to the physiographic nature of the surroundings; Second, DamJang along with their gates, also features different types of ornamental expressions which also suggest the hierarchy of its building and space; Third, typical of the traditional garden design in Korea are a group of DamJang standing as independent structures mostly around Buyong-ji and Aeryeon-ji whose finishing conditions also differ based on the nature of the space; Fourth, among commonly observed examples of DamJang in the Rear Garden and Changdeok-gung palace-wide, is a 'T' shaped wall whose heights and materials function as a design element for the garden.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2006

The subject of this study is to find out the characteristics of spacial expression in 'Le Carceri' of Giovannibattista Piranesi. Piranesi was the classicist from using classical motif. But for using itself he was not absolute canon of classical but playing tool. Because his etchings of perspective were presented the modernity not fixed the frame. The etchings of Le Carceri were characterized the dark, deep, heavy and devastating. In conclusion, the characteristics of spacial composition in his etchings were presented the simultaneity of time both classic and contemporary time. And it could represented the nonexistent of structurality for visual rationality. Architectural & de-architectural elements of his drawing were become in fragments. So the fragmented elements, his etchings have shawn the off-center to cast off the classical concept. And also the body of human was become the thing of object in his drawing. That is, it was inverted the subject and the object and the function of prison depicted in canvas is disappeared. This is the point of evocation in Piranesi' idea.