• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2006년도 춘계학술논문 발표대회 제6권1호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2006

Photocatalyst reaction has limit of its usage because application range mostly centered on atmosphere purification area. Thus, it is true that an alternative plans are necessary to increase usage of $TiO_2$ as photocatalyst material. (1) The result of flow felt according to $TiO_2$ replacement rate has shown that both of anatase type and rutile type over 12% deviated from desired flow, $110{\pm}5mm$. Consequently, the range below 9% will be suitable when the anatase type $TiO_2$ if used for functional additives if workability is considered. (2) After compressive strength test, replacement rate 6-9% is estimated as suitable range if $TiO_2$ is used as compressive strength material. Rutile type and anatase type are suitable for in early-age strength and long-age strength respectively. (3) It was revealed that bending strength was dramatically decreased when replacement rate was increased. The main reason were the increase of $TiO_2$ doesn't influence hydration reaction and the decrease of bending strength. (4) The result from the water purification properties test using ion-chromatograhpy has shown that the condition with anatase type $TiO_2$ was normally better than rutile type on the same replacement rate.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

Designing outdoor lighting on landmarks has been activated in Korea since 2002 World Cup. And outdoor lighting has been important method to create nighttime activities. Especially, historic buildings which are illuminated by outdoor lighting expresses cultural beauty of the heritages in the region. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the outdoor lighting effect of historic buildings with particular reference to four historic buildings - Namdaemun, Kwanghwamun, Changanmun and Paltalmun. For the purpose, luminance of outdoor lighting are measured. Outdoor lighting of the historic buildings were mainly illuminated by the floodlights. In addition, up-lighting and accent lighting were used for expressing the bracket structure. Basements and rooflines are emphasized by floodlighting, and they represented the night image of historical buildings. For the subjective evaluation on the outdoor lighting of historic buildings, outdoor lighting images of four historic buildings - Namdaemun, Kwanghwamun, Changanmun and Paltalmun were photographed. Questionnaire surveys were conducted by hundred and twenty university students of architectural department And collected papers were statistically analyzed by SPSS. Factors that shows outdoor lighting images of historical buildings are as follows; atmosphere, clearness, intimacy, modelling. On the question of general impression of outdoor lighting, Kwanghwamun has got the most satisfactory responses and the next is Changanmun and Namdaemun, Paltalmun. Major variables which related to the 'general impression' of outdoor lighting for historic buildings have been 'dignity', 'match', 'elegance', 'beauty' in the order.

• 정보관리연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.135-158
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• 2012

외국에서는 1980년대부터 '도서관과 환경', '그린도서관 사서', '환경정보원구축', '소음과 도서관', '환경적 대안으로서의 도서관구축' 등으로 녹색도서관에 관한 논의가 시작되었으며, 녹색도서관인증평가시스템에 의해 인증받은 도서관이 50개가 넘는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서의 녹색도서관 구축방향을 제시하고자 하였으며, 이를 위해 국내 외 녹색도서관으로 인증받은 녹색도서관 구축사례를 분석하였다. 사례분석은 LEED인증시스템의 여섯 가지 평가항목 즉, 친환경적 건설장소, 수자원활용의 효율성, 에너지 및 대기, 자재와 자원, 실내환경친화도, 친환경실내디자인을 기준으로 도서관 녹색화가 이루어진 내용을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이러한 인증은 건축적인 면에 초점을 맞추고 있어서 도서관의 친환경성을 좀 더 확대하여 생각할 필요가 있을 것이다. 즉 아직까지 연구되지 않고 있는 도서관의 서비스, 콘텐츠, 도서관용품 등의 친환경에 대한 보다 심층적인 연구가 필요하다고 본다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2021

The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is one of the main reasons for the corrosion of bridges, buildings, tunnels, and other reinforced concrete (RC) structures in most industrialized countries. With the growing use of fossil fuels in the world since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in urban and industrial areas of the world has grown significantly, which increases the chance of corrosion caused by carbonation. The process of corrosion leads to a change in mechanical properties of rebars and concrete, and consequently, detrimentally impacting load-bearing capacity and seismic behavior of RC structures. Neglecting this phenomenon can trigger misleading results in the form of underestimating the seismic performance metrics. Therefore, studying the carbonation corrosion influence on the seismic behavior of RC structures in urban and industrial areas is of great significance. In this study, a 2D modern RC moment frame is developed to study and assess the effect of carbonation corrosion, in 5-year intervals, for a 50 years lifetime under two different environmental conditions. This is achieved using the nonlinear static and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to evaluate the reinforcement corrosion effects. The reduction in the seismic capacity and performance of the reinforced concrete frame, as well as the collapse probability over the lifetime for different corrosion scenarios, is examined through the capacity curves obtained from nonlinear static analysis and the fragility curves obtained from IDA.

• 한국BIM학회 논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.80-92
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• 2022

Recently, remote work has arisen due to the social atmosphere and advancement of digital technology. Although effective in premeditated communications such as conferences or meetings, the current technology such as messengers and video chats insufficiently supports impromptu communications like a chance encounter, daily conversation with colleagues, or brief instant meetings. This causes various problems such as a decrease in social belonging and an increase in social isolation. The virtual workplace, which emerged as an alternative to this technology, is merely replicating the workplace layouts in reality with an absence of the proper design guideline. Therefore, this paper aims to establish the foundation for the better design of the virtual workplace for remote-work employees. The research compared 12 current workplace cases with the analysis with 5 categories(Spatial Composition, Scale, Individual & Collaboration Workplace, Socializing Space), and discovered the following results: 1) some design principles of the real workplace can be applied on the virtual workplace design, 2) the architectural components of the virtual workplace can differ from them of the real. Based on the results, the research suggests both the appropriate design methodologies of the virtual workplace considering the design principles of the real office layouts, and the design direction for the future of the virtual workplace. This research will be the foundation for the future design of the virtual workplace.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.437-443
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• 2013

Recently, sustainable building design, a growing field within architectural design, has been emerged in the construction industry as the practice of designing, constructing, and operating facilities in such a manner that their environmental impact, which has become a great concern of construction professionals, can be minimized. A number of different green rating systems have been developed to help assess that a building project is designed and built using strategies intended to minimize or eliminate its impact on the environment. In the United States, the widely accepted national standards for sustainable building design are known as the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System. The assessment of sustainability using the LEED green rating system is a challenging and time-consuming work due to its complicated process. In effect, the LEED green rating system awards points for satisfying specified green building criteria into five major categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality; and sustainability of a project is rated by accumulating scores (100 points maximum) from these five major categories. The sustainability rating process could be accelerated and facilitated by using computer technology such as BIM (Building Information Modeling), an innovative new approach to building design, engineering, and construction management that has been widely used in the construction industry. BIM is defined as a model-based technology linked with a database of project information, which can be accessed, manipulated, and retrieved for construction estimating, scheduling, project management, as well as sustainability rating. This paper will present a framework representing the building knowledge contained in the LEED green building criteria. The proposed building knowledge framework will be implemented into a BIM platform (e.g. Autodesk Revit Architecture) in which sustainability rating of a building design can be automatically performed. The development of the automated sustainability rating system and the results of its implementation will be discussed.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.559-570
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• 2023

건설산업에서 사용되는 구조용 강재의 부식은 산업화로 인해 많은 공격적인 이온이 내포된 대기 환경에서 증가추세에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 아크 및 플라즈마 아크용사로 Al 코팅을 용착하여 Cl^-와 CO₃^2-같은 공격적인 이온을 다량 함유한 Society of Automotive Engineering(SAE) J2334 용액의 모사대기환경에서 그 효과를 비교하였다. 다양한 분석기법으로 코팅 특성과 부식 메커니즘을 고찰하였다. 플라즈마 아크용사로 용착된 Al 코팅은 밀도 있고 균일하면 층층이 적층이 잘 되었고 높은 부착력이 나타났다. 이 공법으로 용착된 Al 코팅을 SAE J2334 용액에 기간별로 침지하여 측정한 개회로전위(OCP)는 아크용사로 용착된 Al 코팅보다 더 양전성(electropositive)한 값을 보여주었다. 플라즈마 아크용사는 총 임피던스가 아크용사보다 높게 나타났다. SAE J2334 용액에 23일 침지하였을 때 플라즈마 아크용사 Al 코팅의 부식속도는 아크용사에 비해 20% 감소하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.44-52
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• 2002

Low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) has become one of the cornerstone technologies used for the treatment of contaminated soils and sediments in the United States. LTTD technology was first used in the mid-1980s for soil treatment on sites managed under the Comprehensive Environmental Respones, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) or Superfund. Implementation was facilitated by CERCLA regulations that require only that spplicable regulations shall be met thus avoiding the need for protracted and expensive permit applications for thermal treatment equipment. The initial equipment designs used typically came from technology transfer sources. Asphalt manufacturing plants were converted to direct-fired LTTD systems, and conventional calciners were adapted for use as indirect-fired LTTD systems. Other innovative designs included hot sand recycle technology (initially developed for synfuels production from tar sand and oil shale), recycle sweep gas, travelling belts and batch-charged vacuum chambers, among others. These systems were used to treat soil contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin with varying degrees of success. Ultimately, performance and cost considerations established the suite of systems that are used for LTTD soil treatment applications today. This paper briefly reviews the develpoment of LTTD systems and summarizes the design, performance and cost characteristics of the equipment in use today. Designs reviewed include continuous feed direct-fired and indirect-fired equipment, batch feed systems and in-situ equipment. Performance is compared in terms of before-and-after contaminant levels in the soil and permissible emissions levels in the stack gas vented to the atmosphere. The review of air emissions standards includes a review of regulations in the U.S. and the European Union (EU). Key cost centers for the mobilization and operation of LTTD equipment are identified and compared for the different types of LTTD systems in use today. A work chart is provided for the selection of the optmum LTTD system for site-specific applications. LTTD technology continues to be a cornerstone technology for soil treatment in the U.S. and elsewhere. Examples of leading-edge LTTD technologies developed in the U.S. that are now being delivered locally in global projects are described.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2023

UAE 지역에 시공되는 원전구조물의 노출환경에서 대기 중의 높은 황산염 이온 및 해안의 높은 염화물 이온에 의한 열화를 고려할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 연평균 38 ℃ 이상의 높은 온도에 따른 확산성과 강도의 영향을 평가하기 위해 두가지 강도 등급(40 MPa 및 27 MPa) 및 두 가지 양생/확산 온도 조건(20 ℃ 및 50 ℃)을 고려하였다. 초기 양생 온도가 높은 경우, 7일 전 초기재령에서는 압축강도가 고온 양생에서 크게 발현하였으나, 28일 재령에서는 20 ℃ 양생 온도 조건에서 압축강도가 약간 증가하였다. 염화물 확산의 경우, 강도 평가결과와 다르게 28일 재령에서 초기 양생 온도가 높은 경우, 40 MPa 및 27 MPa 에서 모두 확산계수가 감소하였다. 91일 재령의 경우, 온도의 증가에 따른 확산성의 증가와 재령 효과에 의한 확산성의 감소가 동시에 발생하였다. 재령 28일에 20 ℃로 양생 및 확산 실험을 한 결과에 비하여, 재령 91일에 50 ℃로 양생 및 확산 실험을 한 경우, 재령의 증가에 따라 40 MPa에서는 76.2 % 수준으로, 27 MPa 에서는 85.4 % 수준으로 확산계수가 감소하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.30-51
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• 2011

근대화 과정에서 우리나라의 수많은 농촌마을은 문화경관적 건전성을 상실한 채 변질이나 해체과정을 경험하고 있다. 그러나 충청남도 아산에 위치하는 외암마을(국가지정 문화재 중요민속자료 제236호, 세계문화유산 잠정목록)은 신전통주의 부흥을 추구하며 지속성을 유지한 채 한국의 대표적인 민속마을로 자리매김하고 있다. 외암마을은 예안이씨 동족마을로 500여년의 긴 역사 동안 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 지속성과 건전성을 지켜온 민속마을로서 문화유산적 가치 측면에서 'Outstanding Universal Value'의 필요충분조건을 갖춘 토속경관 사례이다. 유교적 문화경관 지표물(종가, 사당과 묘역, 신도비, 정려와 송덕비, 정자 등)과 다양한 민간신앙 요소(장승과 솟대, 당산목, 산신당, 마을숲 등), 그리고 유 무형의 생활문화(활발한 문중활동과 엄정한 조상숭배 의례, 가계계승의식, 공동체 농경문화 및 생태환경의 보존 등)를 지속성있게 전승함으로써 전통시대 양반촌을 상징하는 보편성과 완전성, 그리고 진정성을 유지한 채 정체성을 표출하고 있다. 특히, 동아시아의 독특한 환경설계원리인 풍수지리적 관점에서 마을을 자리 잡기하여 환경적으로 건전한 정주공간(nature + economy + environment + community)을 구축함으로서 토속성 짙은 문화경관을 완성한 사례가 되는데, 외암오산(광덕, 설아, 송악, 월라, 면잠)과 외암오수(용추, 인곡, 반계, 역천, 온정)와 같은 광역 생태문화경관의 보전과 같은 자연환경의 절제, 그리고 생태환경의 질서와 문화적 가치를 중시하는 환경관(capacity + healthy + sustain-ability)을 결합하여 지속성과 진정성을 지켜나가고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 볼 때 외암마을 토속문화경관은 유네스코 세계유산 등록기준 IV(인류역사의 발달단계를 보여주는 뛰어난 유형의 건축물이나 건조물 집합체 또는 조경유산)와 V(뛰어난 유형의 전통 인간 거주지 또는 급격한 변화로 파괴의 위험에 직면한 문화의 대표적 유산으로서 토지에 기반을 둔 유산)의 범주에 포함되는 우리나라 공동체 사회의 대표적 사례가 된다.