• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsion processing with various homogenization treatments on the physical properties of nanoparticles. For the manufacturing of nanoparticles, by taking the emulsion-diffusion method, various coating materials, such as gum arabic, hydroxyethyl starch, polycarprolactone, paraffin wax, ${\kappa}$-carrageenan and emulsifiers like Tween$^{(R)}$60, Tween$^{(R)}$80, monoglyceride and Pluronic$^{(R)}$F68, were added into the emulsion system. Furthermore, the various speeds (7,000 rpm to 10,000 rpm), and times (15 s to 60 s) of homogenization were treated during the emulsion- diffusion process. NEO II homomixer was the most effective homogenizer for making nanoparticles as 51 nm ($D_{10}$) and 26 nm ($D_{50}$). To manufacture smaller nanoparticles, by using NEO II homomixer, 10,000 rpm of agitation speed, polycaprolactone as coating material, and Pluronic$^{(R)}$F68 as an emulsifier were the optimum operating conditions and components. For the stability of nanoparticles for 7 days, $20^{\circ}C$ of storage temperature was appropriate to maintain the particle size. From these results, the type of homogenizer, homogenization speed, homogenization time and storage temperature could affect the particle size. Moreover, type of coating materials and emulsifier also influenced the size and stability of the nanoparticles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1612-1617
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• 2009

Aspergillus sp. 101 was isolated from the Korean traditional soybean paste for the production of a salt-tolerant protease. The optimal condition for the production of a salt-tolerant protease was determined with various energy sources such as carbon, nitrogen, and protein, and at different culture conditions such as temperature, pH, incubation time and NaCl concentration. The most favorable organic nitrogen sources were 2% defatted soybean flour (DSF) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Optimal pH and temperature were pH 6.0 and $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, Aspergillus sp. 101 protease was a mild acid (or neutral) protease. Protease production was the highest at 0.1% concentration of $CaCO_3,\;K_2HPO_4$ and Arabicgum. Aspergillus sp. 101 could grow in culture medium at 15% NaCl concentration and produce a salt-tolerant protease even at 7% NaCl. The cell mass and protease activity of Aspergillus sp. 101 cultured in a modified medium was comparatively higher in Czapek dox and protease producing media. Hence, Aspergillus sp. 101 protease can be utilized in soy or fish sauce industry as a salt-tolerant protease starter.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.10 no.3 s.35
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• pp.297-306
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• 2005

Compendium of arithmetic, geometry, and proportions and proportionality' that was published in Venice in 1494 has been recognized as the first bookkeeping data in the world. Major characteristics of Pacioli's bookkeeping rules were reviewed in this study as follows: All the necessary particulars for double entry bookkeeping were provided in Pacioli's bookkeeping rules;. List of property was described at the time of start of business; Three major books were used; Details of daily transactions were considered to be important; Strike through was lined at each description in journal books, details of daily transactions, and list of property after entry of ledger; Amount columns were provided and Arabic numerals were used; Annual settlement custom was being initiated; Profit and loss account was prepared at year-end; Trial balance sheet was inevitably described; Books were verified prior to closing accounts; Control account was not established; Financial statements were not prepared and business analysis was made, too; Finished goods inventory was not adjusted; Mark was assigned to books; Inter-office account was prepared; Branch accounts and branch ledgers were prepared; There was entries of trust; Current arrangement was described; The principle 'Cost or market price, whichever is lower basis' was promoted: Petty cash system is explained Checks and bills of exchange are used in bank account. As mentioned, characteristics of Pacioli's bookkeeping rules were reviewed; the signs of necessity for preparation of profit and loss statement and balance sheet is found as well as preparation of trial balance sheet and the rules may be considered as a very excellent one in terms of the bookkeeping on initiating stage of double entry bookkeeping.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

Top spray-drying method is frequently utilized for flavor encapsulation, but the top spray-dried products frequently suffer from high losses of volatile flavor as the result of a high processing temperature (150-$300^{\circ}C$). In an effort to solve these problems, a low-temperature fluidized-bed granulating method was utilized to encapsulate the flavor. For the encapsulation of sesame oil, oil-in-water emulsions of sesame oil and a mixture of maltodextrin, modified starch, gum arabic, and gellan gum were bottom-sprayed at milder temperatures (70-$100^{\circ}C$) using a fluidized-bed granulator. Sesame oil extracts from microcapsules were obtained via a simultaneous distillation/extraction technique, and the retention of volatile flavor compounds was analyzed via a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The retention of volatile flavors of sesame oil per se, spray-dried and fluidized-bed granulated microcapsules after 3-day-storage at $37^{\circ}C$ were 0.8%, 37.2%, and 42.0%, respectively. In addition, the low-temperature fluidized-bed granulation showed higher encapsulation yield and sensory preferences for the application of commercial products (beef rice porridge), as compared to spray drying.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.95-95
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• 2012

Constellations are formed of bright stars which appear close to each other on the sky, but are really far apart in space. The shapes you see all depend on your point of view. Back before people had televisions and electricity to light their homes at night, they spent a lot more time looking at the stars. People all over the world used their imaginations to draw pictures in the sky, as if it were a giant connect-the-dot game. The patterns they imagined are called constellations. People usually saw patterns that reflected their different cultures. Native Americans in North America imagined many animals and shapes from the natural world. The ancient Greeks found images of gods and goddesses in the stars. Sometimes people from very different parts of the world even imagined the same animal or shape in the same stars. Most of the constellations we recognize today were made up by the ancient Greeks around 6,000 years ago. Different constellations are visible at different times of year, so the first appearance of these patterns told farmers of the changing seasons and reminded them to plant or harvest their crops. The constellations also help us to find our way around the night sky and to remember which stars are which. The star names we use today are mostly from Greek and Arabic, but many are changed a bit from the original, as often happens when words are passed from one language to another. It can be difficult to picture just what those folks long ago were seeing in the stars, so don't be discouraged if you have trouble seeing their patterns. You can even make up your own! In ancient world all the countries or regions had their own way to name things up in the sky, make up stories and draw different shapes for constellations. Today there are 88 official constellations, but you may find that different books show their stars connected in slightly different ways. The official constellations are specific regions of the sky, so the exact patterns are not all that important. However in various cultures there are some famous star patterns that use stars from only apart of a constellation, or even connect stars from different constellations. These patterns of stars that are not official constellations are called asterisms. The Big Dipper is a very famous asterism, found in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear.

• School Mathematics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.589-609
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• 2016

In this study, researchers have modernly reinterpreted geometric solving of cubic equations presented by an arabic mathematician, Omar Khayyam in medieval age, and have considered the pedagogical significance of geometric solving of the cubic equations using two conic sections in terms of analytic geometry. These efforts allow to analyze educational application of mathematics instruction and provide useful pedagogical implications in school mathematics such as 'connecting algebra-geometry', 'induction-generalization' and 'connecting analogous problems via analogy' for the geometric approaches of cubic equations: $x^3+4x=32$, $x^3+ax=b$, $x^3=4x+32$ and $x^3=ax+b$. It could be possible to reciprocally convert between algebraic representations of cubic equations and geometric representations of conic sections, while geometrically approaching the cubic equations from a perspective of connecting algebra and geometry. Also, it could be treated how to generalize solution of cubic equation containing variables from geometric solution in which coefficients and constant terms are given under a perspective of induction-generalization. Finally, it could enable to provide students with some opportunities to adapt similar solving procedures or methods into the newly-given cubic equation with a perspective of connecting analogous problems via analogy.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-179
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• 2013

Becoming independent in 1956, Sudan has since experienced a number of coups $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tat$, religious conflicts between the Islamic north and the Christian south, conflicts between the north-south population composition and races, two civil wars for nearly 40 years due to a clash of interests over resources and others, and the Darfur crisis in which hundreds of thousands died. In 1983, as the Sudanese government forced Islamic laws on the southern region where many Christians lived, the civil war resumed and suffered heavy casualties. Although a brief period of tranquility is maintained at the present moment as South Sudan seceded, military conflicts continue to arise. The objective of this research is to understand the North-South Sudan conflict by examining its history and course. For this purpose, chapter 2 will make a theoretical and reality approach for conflict items and solutions. Chapter 3 will discuss the historical background and reasons for the Sudanese conflict by considering Sudan before 19th century, the Egyptian conquest of Sudan and the diverging North and South, Sudanese independence and other divisions yet again, and finally the North-South conflicts over religion and resources. In Chapter 4, there will be an analysis of the course of the Sudan Civil War by separating it into the First and Second Civil War. In Chapter 5, the consequences and future prospect will be presented in lieu of the conclusion.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.23-34
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• 2021

This study aims to discuss how Egyptian learners of Korean perceive and categorize Korean vowels, how Koreans perceive Korean vowels they pronounce, and how Egyptian learners' Korean vowel categorization affects their perception and production of Korean vowels. In Experiment 1, 53 Egyptian learners were asked to listen to Korean test words pronounced by Koreans and choose the words they had listened to among 4 confusable words. In Experiment 2, 117 sound files (13 test words×9 Egyptian learners) recorded by Egyptian learners were given to Koreans and asked to select the words they had heard among 4 confusable words. The results of the experiments show that "new" Korean vowels that do not have categorizable ones in Egyptian Arabic easily formed new categories and were therefore well identified in perception and relatively well pronounced, but some of them were poorly produced. However, Egyptian learners poorly distinguished "similar" Korean vowels in perception, but their pronunciation was relatively well identified by native Koreans. Based on the results of this study, we argued that the Speech Learning Model (SLM) and Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) explain the L2 speech perception well, but they are insufficient to explain L2 speech production and therefore need to be revised and extended to L2 speech production.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.395-420
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• 2009

Academic discourses on Swahili identity have been focused on either its Bantu or Arabic-originated theories. Both theories, nevertheless, have a common feature: a unilineal origin of Swahili identity. This paper questions on this Swahili identity and argues that Swahili identity has been developed through historical experience and discourses. For this, the paper utilizes Barth's theory of situationalism. Barth(1998(1969)) suggests that maintaining an ethnic identity is a personal or group choice out of multiple layers of social identities according to his or their social environments. Tanzanian Swahili identity is a good case for this analysis. Based on fieldwork conducted at Magomeni and Msasani in Dar es Salaam, a capital of Tanzania, the paper shows that residents in both areas hold strong Swahili identities although they have different social and historical experience. In case of Magomeni, most of the residents came from Zanzibar, a core Swahili cultural area. They trace their original genealogy from Arabia peninsular. Besides, they argue that they speak a proper kiSwahili(Swahili language) distinguishable from inland kiSwahili. On the contrary, residents of Msasani show variety of ethnic identities, far from a proper Swahili. They have adapted Swahili identities since the independence of Tanzania. With the help of strong socialist policies, including a language policy, most of Tanzanian ethnic groups have ignored their own identities and accommodated a national identity, Tanzanian(waTanzania) or Swahili people(waSwahili). Makonde immigrants from Mozambique who consists the majority of residents in Msasani also easily accommodate Swahili identity in the course. Therefore, Makonde have began to rebirth as waSwahili by claiming that they are living in Tanzania and speak kiSwahili as a mother tongue.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.277-308
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• 2010

Since the globalization, many changes are occurring in our society. Multicultural phenonmenon in the society is becoming one of our major concern in the Korean society. Thus, this study is focusing on the multicultural phenomenon that we are facing since the globalization in Korea. No doubt that immigration is a growing force influencing the demographics of Korea. Since the mid-1990s, immigrant children and children from mixed marriage have become the fastest growing and the most extraordinarily diverse segment of Korea's child population. Until the recent past, Korea's major social attention has focused on adult immigrants to the neglect of their offspring, creating a profound gap between the strategic importance of the new second generation and the knowledge about its socioeconomic circumstances. In other words, there is a significant lack of studies on children of migrant, particularly from the Muslim background living in Korea. International marriage has grown rapidly in Korea since the late 1990s, and this phenomenon is especially common in rural farming communities. Most brides come from China, followed by Vietnam and other southeast Asian countries. However, there are certain number of Muslim bride coming to Korea. There are about 100 thousand muslim peoples living in Korean society. Among them 2.92% are Muslim immigrants' intermarriage with the Koreans. As a result, there are growing number of muslim brides and bridegroom settling in Korea, which would eventually create muslim families in growing korean multicultural societies. This study specify its research on the muslim mixed family by focusing on the offsprings of the muslim background. Our research team has created the new term on such research subject by using Koslim. Koslim is a 1.5 and 2^nd generation from the Muslim back ground family living in Korea. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine the awareness and the perception of Koslim by the Korean mainstream people. By doing so, it can analyze the general attitude of Koreans towards the Koslim people. In this sense this study intends to play a groundwork to promote successful coexistence between Korean and Koslim. It is anticipated that this research can lay the basis for Koreans to have more open and tolerant attitude towards our new members of society that is increasing everyday.