• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2012

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the ammonia nitrogen concentration of aqueous samples such as drinking water can be determined by measuring the saturation of the samples colored by indophenol method. Methods: A color saturation measurement system was constructed by connecting a notebook computer to an image acquisition device composed of a PC camera and a light source, and was then used to measure the saturation of samples colored by blue indophenol complex. Results: Between two available light sources, a fluorescent lamp was selected due to its demonstrating better linearity between color saturation and ammonia nitrogen concentration. Prediction by quadratic regression was more accurate than by linear regression, and prediction by quadratic regression in the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 $mg/l$ was more accurate than in the concentration range of 0.0-1.0 $mg/l$. Regression-based predictions over 0.25 $mg/l$, 0.55 $mg/l$ and 0.75 $mg/l$ concentrations were implemented both by spectrophotometric method and by measuring color saturation. In the case of 0.25 $mg/l$, the predicted concentration by spectrophotometric method was $0.256{\pm}0.0076\;mg/l$ and the predicted concentration by measuring color saturation was $0.246{\pm}0.0086\;mg/l$ (p=0.051). In the case of 0.55 $mg/l$, they were $0.561{\pm}0.0068\;mg/l$ and $0.564{\pm}0.0166\;mg/l$ (p=0.660). In the case of 0.75 $mg/l$, they were $0.755{\pm}0.0139\;mg/l$ and $0.762{\pm}0.0088\;mg/l$ (p=0.215). Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between the data from the two methods in all three of the concentrations. Therefore, the color saturation measurement method proposed in this paper may be considered applicable for determining the ammonia nitrogen concentration of aqueous samples such as drinking water.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 1991

The effect of agitation on the dispersion of organic phase was investigated in an immiscible liquid system (n-hexane/40 wt % p-TSA aqueous solution). Four different types of six-bladed turbine impellers were used : a flat blade type and three screen blade types. The experimental results showed that the extent of dispersion of organic phase at the same agitation speed was decreased in the order of flat blade, 60 mesh, 40 mesh, and 20 mesh screen blades. Otherwise, it was increased with increasing the concentration of TBA as a surfactant agent and with decreasing volume fraction of organic phase. Also, the minimum agitation speed for a complete dispersion was increased in the order of flat blade, 60 mesh, 40 mesh, and 20 mesh screen blades. However, the minimum power consumption did not vary significantly. In this condition, the relationship between Power number and Reynolds number was expressed as $N_p=a\;N_{Re}{^b}$, where the values of constant a and constant b were ranged 2200~4100 and -0.69~-0.63 respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.434-438
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• 1998

The antioxidant effects of 700 ppm ginseng extract, 100ppm caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, or ${\alpha}-topherol$ on the 1% linoleic acid aqueous buffer system was studied by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and headspace oxygen. The compounds showed antioxidant activities in the following order: $caffeic\;acid{\geq}ferulic\;acid\;>\;{\alpha}-tocopherol$>ginseng extract>vanillic acid, with the oxidation inhibition ratio of 63.5, 62.9, 52.3, 51.2 and 5.6% of the control according to MDA results. The mixture of 100 ppm caffeic acid, 100 ppm ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and 700 ppm ginseng extract had a high oxidation inhibition ratio of 91.2%. Headspace oxygen results had a similar trend with the MDA results. Headspace oxygen results showed that the antioxidant activities were in order of ferulic acid>caffeic acid>${\alpha}-tocopherol$>ginseng extract>vanillic acid and headspace oxygen contents were 18.56, 17.78, 17.17, 16.65 and 15.95%, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Object : This study was to evaluate the effect of Ginseng Radix, aqueous extracts of the root part of Panax ginseng on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : Aqueous extracts of Ginseng Radix(GR; yield = 11.70%) were administered, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 300 and 150 mg/kg(body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10mg/kg for 28 days. The changes in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, serum levels of thyroid hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), tri-iodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and triglyceride, liver antioxidant defense system-lipid peroxidation, $H_2O_2$, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were observed with histopathology of thyroid glands. Results : Results were compared with LevoT4 0.5mg/kg treated rats. GR extracts suppressed the decreases in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, T3 and T4, TG, liver $H_2O_2$ and SOD activities as results of PTU treatment. And GR extracts suppressed the increases of HDL contents, liver CAT activities, thyroid gland weight as results of PTU treatment. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contentsand sizes were demonstrated at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU-induced histopathological changes related to hypothyroidism were dramatically decreased by treatment of both different dosages of GR extract, respectively Conclusions : This study suggest that GR extracts have favorable effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism mediated by the modulatory effects on the antioxidant defense system.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.679-684
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• 2001

The surface of natural graphite has not only good electrical conductivities and lubrication properties but also has strong hydrophobicity. There are no functional groups and chemical properties on it. It is difficult to join with any other ions and to disperse in aqueous system. In order to increase dispersion ability throughout modification of surface property, it is necessary to let graphite have some function on its surface by the adsorption of surfactant molecules. In this study, using zeta potential adsorbed surfactant molecules(ABDM) on graphite surface and its surface Properties turn hydrophobic into hydrophilic. The dispersing mechanism of graphite particles in aqueous system has been explained using the DLVO theory, It is concluded that the high dispersable graphite suspension of which dispersing stability$(T_{1/2})$ is 44.5 hours at pH 10 and 22.5mV zeta potential can be produced.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.07c
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• pp.1875-1877
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• 2001

Glaucoma is an eye disease which is caused by abnormal high lOP (Intra Ocular Pressure). High lOP is caused by the aqueous humor which is produced consistently but not drained due to malfunction of the trabecular system which has a role of draining the aqueous humor into the venous system. Currently, there are some methods to treat glaucoma, Among these, the use of implants is increasing in these days due to many problems In other methods. However, conventional implants are passive implants and have critical disadvantage. Therefore, it is needed to develop an active implant which is composed of a valve actuator, pressure sensor, controller, and power supply. In this paper, we make experiment with the fabricated valve actuator in In-vitro experiment, and estimate the in-vivo result using the experimental result and investigate the possibility of the fabricated valve.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2007

Mucus is an aqueous gel complex with a constitution of about 95% water, high molecular weight glycoprotein (mucin), lipid, salts etc. Mucus appears to represent a significant barrier to the absorption of some compounds. Natural mucoadhesive agent was isolated and purified from the aqueous extract of the seeds of prosopis pallida (PP). Formulated tablet with the isolated material by wet granulation method. Some natural edible substances are in consideration for candidates as mucoadhesive agents to claim more effective controlled drug delivery as an alternative to the currently used synthetic mucoadhesive polymers. Subjected the materials obtained from natural source i.e. PP and standard synthetic substance, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for evaluation of mucoadhesive property by various in vitro and in vivo methods. Through standard dissolution test and a model developed with rabbit, evaluated in vitro controlled release and bioadhesive property of theophylline formulation. Mucoadhesive agent obtained from PP showed good mucoadhesive potential in the demonstrated in vitro and in viνo models. The results suggest that the mucoadhesive agent showed controlled release properties by their application, substantially. In order to assess the gastrointestinal transit time in vivo, a radio opaque X-ray study performed in healthy rabbit testing the same controlled release formulation with and without bioadhesive polymer. Plasma levels of theophylline determined by the HPLC method and those allowed correlations to the in vitro mucoadhesive study results. Better correlation found between the results in different models. PP may acts as a better natural mucoadhesive agent in the extended drug delivery system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.55-75
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• 2015

Objectives : The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Insamyangyoung-tang aqueous extracts (ISYYT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU) induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : The rats were divided into 6 groups : intact control, PTU control, Levothyroxine (LT ₄ ), 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups. In ISYYT treated groups, PTU and ISYYT were administered for 4 weeks after 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT were administered for 2 weeks. In LT ₄ group, PTU and LT ₄ were administered for 4 weeks. The changes were observed : the weigh, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum sex hormone levels, serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzyme levels, liver and testis antioxidant defense system, histopathology of thyroid gland, liver, epididymis, prostate and testis. Results were compared with PTU control group in this experiment. Results : In comparison with PTU control group, 500 and 250 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups showed significant increase of body, thyroid, liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decrease of serum TSH levels with increase of serum T3 and T4 level, increase of serum testosterone and DHT levels with decrease of serum FSH levels, decrease of serum HDL with increase of TG and increase of serum AST levels. Histopathological inspections of hepatic and male reproductive organ damage induced by PTU were improved. And the changes of antioxidant defense system of Liver and testis induced by PTU were improve. There was no significant difference between 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated group and PTU control group in this experiment. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study considered that Insamyangyoung-tang may be effective in hypothyroidism and related organ damages.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.127-138
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• 1994

In the process of pervaporation separation for aqueous ethanol solution through cellulose tai-acetate(CTA) membrane, the modelling on the solution-diffusion permeation mechanism was built up on the basis of sorption and permeation experimental results. Also its function type and parameter were examined. The composition of sorption equilibrium in three component system(Ethanol/Water/CTA) were compared with the calculated value by Flory-Huggins' equation using the pure component sorption data. In order to apply the thermodynamic equilibrium relationship between the membrane free composition in the membrane and the equilibrium composition in the liquid phase, the apparent activity this system, however, the results were not satisfied. Diffusion equations were expressed with the concentration gradient considering permeate alone, and a concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient which includes a parameter was used. And this model was fitted with the measured permeation rates. If the permeation rate and the amount of sorption of one component were much larger than those of the other, the bulk flow term could not be negligible. The flux and selectivity were increased with increasing temperature, and with decreasing downstream pressure.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.394-402
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• 2015

To evaluate the benefits of Hyangsayangyi-tang aqueous extracts (HSYYT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced Rat hypothyroidism. 6 groups, each consisting 8 Rats were used in the present study - Intact vehicle control, PTU control, LT₄, HSYYT 500, 250 and 125 ㎎/㎏ treated groups. HSYYT was given, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 ㎎/㎏(body weight), and for 28 days while the PTU 10 ㎎/㎏ by daily subcutaneous treatment induced hypothyroidism. Compared the results with LT₄ 0.5 ㎎/㎏ intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results of the PTU treatment included; decreases of body weight, increase in thyroid weight, decrease in liver weight, in serum T₃, and T₄ level decrease with increase of serum TSH levels, in serum HDL increase and in TG content decrease, decrease in liver antioxidants defense system, increase of serum AST levels were observed. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic damages were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of HSYYT 500 and 250 ㎎/㎏, and they also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense system changes in liver. Therefore, in comparison with the PTU control group, it was effective and advantageous changes were not observed in HSYYT 125 ㎎/㎏ treated rats on the PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic damages. In this experiment, HSYYT 500 and 250 ㎎/㎏ dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver damage in rats but not in HSYYT 125 ㎎/㎏.