• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2001년도 춘계심포지움 및 학술발표회
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• pp.107-113
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• 2001

Consumer Product compounds are used in homes and disposed in wastewater where they typically receive waste treatment. After treatment, sludge and effluent are released to the environment resulting in the potential exposure of terrestrial and aquatic organisms to these compounds. To ensure the environmental safety of these compounds, the environmental risk posed by chemicals released into the environment must be assessed. A reasonable, consistent and cost-effective method to conduct environmental risk assessments and to prioritize testing of these chemicals is needed which addresses risk to organisms residing in the terrestrial and aquatic compartments of the environment. This paper provides a fundamental understanding of the technical basis of environmental risk assessment using the major surfactant(i.e., LAS) used in the laundry detergent industry worldwide as a case study.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2000년도 추계심포지움 및 학술발표회:바이오모니터링 기법을 이용한 환경위해성 평가
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• pp.41-41
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• 2000

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2003년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.145.1-145
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2001년도 춘계심포지움 및 학술발표회
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• pp.122-122
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• 2001

The reaction kinetics of hexavalent chromium with ferrous ions were studied to determine the influence of reduction on the toxicity of chromium to aquatic organisms. The changes in chemical forms of the chromate in the presence of ferrous ions were examined in a bioassay system using Dphnia magna as a test organism. (omitted)

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.71-75
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• 1997

농약의 물리화학적 특성에 관한 연구의 일환으로 captafol의 수용성, 가수분해, 증기압, 분배계수를 표준 측정기법 인 미국 EPA와 OECD 방법에 준하여 측정하였다. 수용성은 $25^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 2.24 ppm이었으며, 가수분해에 의한 반감기는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 77.8시간(pH 3.0), 6.54시간(pH 7.0), 0.72시간(p班 8.0)으로 나타나 알칼리 조건에서 불안정한 화합물임을 확인하였다. 산성조건에서의 반감기는 온도에 영향을 받지 않았으나, 중성, 알칼리 조건에서의 반감기는 $40^{\circ}C$에서 매우 짧았다. 가수분해 실험의 표준 대조물질인 diazinon을 이용하여 실험한 결과 본 연구실에서 수행한 가수분해 실험은 적합한 것으로 판정되었다. Captafol은 상온에서 증기압 ($8.27{\times}10^{-9}\;torr,\;20^{\circ}C$)이 높지 않으므로 휘발에 의하여 대기환경에 영향을 미칠 가능성은 없으리라 예상되었고, log P=6.94-(4401.6/T)라는 관계식을 유도할 수 있었다. Captafol은 옥탄올/물 분배계수치가 높아(Kow=1,523) 먹이연쇄를 통한 생물농축의 가능성이 예상되나 가수분해가 빠르기 때문에 비록 captafol이 수계에 노출된다고 하여도 분해가 빠르게 일어나 어류 생체내에 농축되어 인체에까지 영향을 미칠 가능성은 매우 낮을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권1_2호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2000

아세트아닐리드는 의약품과 염료의 합성과정에서 중간체로서 공기와 폐수를 통하여 환경 중에 방출될 수 있다. 아세트아닐리드는 호기적 조건하에서 신속히 생분해되고 OH 래디컬의 존재하에 간접적으로 광분해된다. 생물농축계수는 4.5로 추정되므로 수생생물에서의 생물농축은 낮을 것으로 예상된다. 아세트아닐리드에 관한 생태독성학적 데이터 조사결과 4종 어류에 대한 급성독성치만 보고되어 있으며, EUSES시스템에 의하면 어류에서의 최저 PNEC 값(예상 무작용농도)은 0.01mg/l이고 표면수에서의 PEC값(예상 환경농도)은 지역수준에서 최악의 경우 9.1$\times$$10^{-5}$mg/l이다. 지역수준에서 표면수에 대한 아세트아닐리드의 RCR(위해성지수)은 9.1$\times$$10^{-3}$으로 추정되어 어류에 대한 안전성은 충분하다. 그러나 국지 수준에서의 RCR은 물과 침적물에서 각각 1.3과 1.6이므로 제조공장 주변에서는 생태독성 위험이 존재할 것으로 추정된다. 아세트아닐리드의 환경위해성 평가를 보다 정확하게 하기 위해서는 물벼룩과 조류에 대한 급성독성 자료가 보완되어야 할 것이며, 따라서 이에 대한 실험이 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제31권
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• pp.21.1-21.7
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• 2016

Objectives The present study analyzes metal contamination in sediment of the East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site, which is receiving a huge amount of domestic and industrial wastewater from surrounding areas. The subsequent uptake and accumulation of metals in different macrophytes are also examined in regard to their phytoremediation potential. Methods Metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) were estimated in sediment, water and different parts of the macrophytes Colocasia esculenta and Scirpus articulatus. Results The concentration of metals in sediment were, from highest to lowest, Mn ($205.0{\pm}65.5mg/kg$)>Cu ($29.9{\pm}10.2mg/kg$)>Pb ($22.7{\pm}10.3mg/kg$)>Cd ($3.7{\pm}2.2mg/kg$). The phytoaccumulation tendency of these metals showed similar trends in both native aquatic macrophyte species. The rate of accumulation of metals in roots was higher than in shoots. There were strong positive correlations (p <0.001) between soil organic carbon (OC) percentage and Mn (r =0.771), and sediment OC percentage and Pb (r=0.832). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) also showed a positive correlation (p <0.001) with Cu (r=0.721), Mn (r=0.713), and Pb (r=0.788), while correlations between sediment OC percentage and Cu (r=0.628), sediment OC percentage and Cd (r=0.559), and CEC and Cd (r=0.625) were significant at the p <0.05 level. Conclusions Bioaccumulation factor and translocation factors of these two plants revealed that S. articulatus was comparatively more efficient for phytoremediation, whereas phytostabilization potential was higher in C. esculenta.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to test the effects of electrolyzed water treatment on dried-laver Pyropia sp. processing facilities to control microbial contamination. Following the progression of the process to the next step, as well as during the lapse between process operating hours, the contamination level of total viable cell counts (TVC) and total coliform (TC) of laver increased. The TVC increased during the aging step, and after the molding-drying steps were completed, it increased by approximately 2.0 log CFU (colony forming unit)/g. Freshwater used for processing in April had a TVC of 4.31 log CFU/mL, which was more polluted than 2.61 log CFU/mL of seawater. Electrolyzed water was used to treat the sponge used in the laver-molding process, which resulted in a 2 log CFU/mL decrease.The TVC of dried-laver decreased by 1 to 2 log CFU/g when electrolyzed water was applied to the process. In conclusion, application of electrolyzed water in dried-laver processing was shown to be effective in reducing the microbiological contamination of the final product.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

Fluoranthene, a common polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), exhibits phototoxicity which may affect aquatic organisms. The eventual goal of this study is to develop a biomarker of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) used in monitoring hazardous chemicals in the ecosystem. In this study we investigated neural toxicity of fluoranthene in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) along with comparative analysis of corresponding behavioral response. The untreated individuals shooed normal behavioral characteristics (i. e., smooth and linear movements). The treated fish, however, showed stopping and abrupt change of orientation (100 ppb), and severely reduced locomotive activity and enhanced surfacing activity (1,000 ppb). Treatment of the medaka fish with fluoranthene caused a significant suppresson of acetycholine esterase (AChE) activities in the body portion but not in the head portion. When fish were exposed to 1,000 ppb of fluoranthene for 24 hr, the body AChE activities decreased from 126.${\pm}$31.89 (nmoles substrate hydrolyzed per min per mg protein) to 49.51${\pm}$11.99. Expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in the different organs from both head and body portions were comparatively analyzed using an immunohistochemical technique. Five organs of the medaka fish showing a strong TH protein expression were the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, optic lobe, pons and myelencephalon regions. This study provides molecular and neurobehavioral bases of a biomonitoring system for toxic chemicals using fish as a model organism.