• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.433-446
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• 2009

Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are trace contaminants of growing importance in environmental health due to their physiologically active nature. Pharmaceuticals could affect non-target species and might eventually damage sustainability of susceptible populations in the ecosystem. Potentials for health consequences among susceptible human population cannot be ruled out since long-term exposure to cocktails of pharmaceuticals, which might be present in drinking water, is possible. Selection of antibiotic resistant microorganisms is of another concern. In order to understand, and if needed, to properly address the environmental health issues of pharmaceutical residues, knowledge gaps need to be filled. Knowledge gaps exist in many important areas such as prioritization of target pharmaceuticals for further risk studies, occurrence patterns in different environments, chronic toxicities, and toxicities of pharmaceutical mixtures. Appropriate treatment technologies for drinking water and wastewater could be developed when they are deemed necessary. One of the simplest, yet most efficient measures that could be undertaken is to implement a return program for unused or expired drugs. In addition, implementation of environmental risk assessment frameworks for pharmaceuticals would make it possible to efficiently manage potential environmental health problems associated with pharmaceutical residues in the environment.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.657-668
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• 2014

Under Korea's Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy amended in 2013, total organic carbon (TOC) is newly added as water quality parameter to assess organic pollution in water and aquatic ecosystem. To meet the TOC requirement and improve quality of effluent discharged into public watershed, it is also necessary to develop standards for TOC in effluent from public sewage treatment works (PSTWs). In this study, we reviewed the characteristics and removal efficiency of TOC in influent and effluent of PSTWs. The study found that phosphorus treatment process removed not only soluble phosphorus but also a portion of TOC remaining after the secondary treatment process. TOC concentration in effluent from PSTWs operated in tandem with industrial wastewater treatment work was higher due to influx of insoluble substances from the industrial wastewater treatment work. In order to lay a foundation for the management of TOC from PSTWs, it is necessary to carry out research on TOC from different perspectives. For example, studies on the generation mechanism of TOC and the impact of TOC on drinking water resources, assessment of effluent qualities through monitoring, and development of measures to control TOC for the preservation of aquatic ecosystem are needed.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2009

In order to use fundamental data for conservation of species diversity and stream health with dam development, fish investigation in up- and downstream of Pyeonglim Dam was seasonally conducted in 2007~2008. In addition, data of water qualities, investigated for environmental impact assessment, were used to determine a water quality standard level in Pyeonglim Stream, and it revealed that water environment condition was good in the stream. During the study period, a total number of fish caught from the 4 study sites was 5,449 representing 9 families 25 species, and there were 8 Korean endemic species (32.0%) including Rhodeus uyekii, Squalidus gracilis majimae, and Microphysogobio yaluensis. Two species of Zacco temminckii (37.5%) and Zacco platypus (26.3%) were dominant and subdominant in all sites. There were few individuals of the $2^{nd}$-class endangered species (Sand lamprey, Lampetra reissneri) and the introduced species (Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus), found in the upstream of the dam. and further investigation for conservation of the endangered species and for prevention of the introduced species is needed in future. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity(IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good(26~35) and excellent(36~40) condition in all sites. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.441-450
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 합리적인 수질관리를 위해서 하천의 자정능력을 고려하여 안성천 유역 내 유해성분 중 ABS(음이온 계면활성제)성분에 대해서 QUAL2E모형을 이용하여 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 수질모의결과 안성천과 진위천에서 BOD, ABS의 실측치와 예측치가 비교적 잘 일치함을 보여주고 있으며, DO에 대해서는 예측값과 실측값 사이에 오차가 발생하지만 농도변화의 추이는 잘 나타내고 있었다. 위해성지수는 오염물질의 예상 노출농도(PEC)와 하천수질에 영향을 주지 않는 예상무영향농도(PNEC)를 통해 계산하였고 위해성 비를 산정하여 위해성 지수를 평가하였다. ABS가 하천의 자정작용에 미치는 영향 분석 결과는 안성천[0.0003(Bressan), 0.06(환경부기준)], 진위천[0.0002(Bressan), 0.04(환경부기준)], ABS가 하천의 수생생태계에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석 결과는 안성천[0.0667(Bressan), 0.005(환경부기준)], 진위천[0.1(Bressan), 0.0075(환경부기준)]으로 국립환경과학원고시 제2012-30호에서 제시되어 있는 위해성이 있다고 판단되는 위해성 비의 기준치 값 1보다 작아 하천의 자정능력과 하천의 수생생태계에 영향을 주지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 적용된 방법은 간단하며 현재 환경부 수질기준보다 상세히 유해성분에 대한 정보를 줄 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.760-768
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• 2011

Jinwi Stream is considerably polluted. The urban development in a Jinwi Stream basin can make state of aquatic ecosystem worse. However, researches for aquatic ecosystems in Jinwi Stream are insufficient. In this study, biotic indices of periphytic diatoms (DAIpo and TDI), benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT, KSI and ESB) and fish (IBI) were compared with the annual water quality data. Benthic macroinvertebrates indices showed highly significant correlations with concentrations of organic materials and nutrients, while DAIpo, TDI and IBI showed low correlations with them. In particular, ESB can be considered as an useful indicator that reflects the degree of diversity and abundance of biotic community as well as water quality. In polluted and disturbed streams as Jinwi Stream, DAIpo, TDI and IBI appeared to be not available for evaluating and discriminating the water quality, although they have been known as good indices in general streams.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.66-75
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• 2024

Heavy metals are naturally found in the ecosystem, and their presence in the freshwater river is increasing through anthropogenic activities which pose a threat to living beings. In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Ni) in different organs (muscle, skin, and gill) of fish from the Padma River were evaluated to quantify, and compare the contamination levels and related human health risks. The results revealed that the heavy metal concentrations in the water, surface sediments, and fish taken from the Padma River were far below the WHO/USEPA's permitted limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) value in muscle was less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard indexes (HI) were less than 1, showing that consumers face no non-carcinogenic risk (CR). CR values of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni ranged from 4.00 × 10^-8 to 6.35 × 10^-6, less than 10^-4, and total carcinogenic risk (CRt) values ranged from 9.85 × 10^-6 to 1.10 × 10^-5, indicating some pose a CR from consumption of those fish from the Padma River. To establish a more accurate risk assessment, numerous exposure routes, including inhalation and cutaneous exposure, should be explored.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.108-117
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• 2015

본 연구는 우리나라 하천수계의 하천환경 관리를 위해 적용되고 있는 생물학적 평가체계를 법제도적 기준과 실행계획 측면에서 검토 분석하여 문제점을 도출하기 위하여 수행되었다. 하천법과 하천사업의 계획 설계과정의 관련 지침, 수질 및 수 생태계 보전법과 수 생태계 건강성 평가 기준을 중점적으로 비교 검토하였다. 무엇보다 하천환경평가 관련 법제도적 근거가 미흡하고 관련 기준과 지침이 구체적이지 못하여 하천환경 관리의 실효성이 확보되지 못하고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 국토교통부와 환경부로 이원화된 하천수계 관리체계를 반영하듯 생물 분야의 평가항목과 기준이 수자원 관리와의 통합적 수준에 이르지 못한 채 두 부서의 사업추진 과정에서 단편적으로 고려되고 있었다. 특히 생물 중심의 평가항목과 기준은 물리구조적 서식환경 또는 수질과 연관된 수생생물에 국한되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 대다수 생물에 대한 정밀 조사를 필요로 하는 환경영향평가의 과정으로 고려되는 수준이었다. 결론적으로 하천수계를 대표할 수 있고 비교적 변동성이 적은 식생, 어류, 조류 등 고등생물을 지표화한 신속하면서도 공간 정보화된 정량적 평가기법이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

The object of this study was to evaluate lotic ecosystem health using multiple eco-metric approaches such as water chemistry diagnosis, physical habitat health evaluations, and biological integrity modeling at 100 streams of four major watersheds. For the study, eight chemical water quality parameters such as nutrients (N, P) and organic material were measured and 11-metric models of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) and multiple eco-metric health assessment model (MEHA) were applied to the four major watershed. Nutrient analysis of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in all watersheds indicated a eutrophic state depending on the locations of sampling streams. Physical habitat health, based on the QHEI model, averaged 114 (range: 56 - 194), judging as a "good condition" by the criteria of Plafkin et al. (1989). In addition, primary (H1 - H4), secondary (H5 - H7), and tertiary habitat metric variables (H8 - H11) were analyzed in relation to the physical habitat degradations. The plots of tolerant species ($P_{TS}$) and sensitive species ($P_{SS}$) to water quality showed that the proportions of $P_{TS}$ had positive linear functions with nutrients, and that the $P_{SS}$ had inverse linear relations with the chemical variables. The model of eco-metric health assessment showed that mean MEHA was 20.4, indicating a fair condition. Overall, our data suggest that water chemistry, based on nutrients and organic matter, directly modified the trophic structures in relation to food chain in the aquatic ecosystems, and then these directly influenced the compositions of tolerance/sensitive species, resulting in degradations of overall ecological health.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.395-408
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• 2013

환경상태는 생물이 적합도 (번식성공 또는 생존율)를 극대화하기 위해서 초기생활사의 변화를 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 온도변화와 온도에 따른 수상레저활동 인구변화가 어류의 초기 생활사 특성, 즉 체세포 성장(성장속도), 번식세포 (생식소) 발달 그리고 누적스트레스의 회복과정과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 동적상태의존모델을 이용하여 분석하였다. 우선 어류의 초기 생활사 특성이 취식행동에 영향을 받는다고 가정하였고, 이러한 관계를 고려하여 어류의 일반 생활사 모델을 개발하였다. 모델은 성장속도와 번식세포(생식소)의 발달이 온도가 상승함에 (단, 성장속도를 감소시키는 임계온도보다는 낮은) 따라 빨라졌으며, 또한 체내에 누적되는 스트레스도 함께 증가하였다. 흥미롭게도 온도가 높을 때에는 수상레저활동 인구의 증가는 성장속도와 생식소의 발달을 느리게 했지만, 스트레스의 누적은 가속화시켰다. 그러나 온도가 낮을 때에는 초기 생활사에 대한 수상레저활동 인구의 영향이 상대적으로 낮았다. 또한 최적취식행동은 높은 온도에서는 수상레저활동 인구의 변화에 관계없이 항상 높았지만, 낮은 온도에서는 수상레저활동 인구가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하였다. 초기성장기간 동안의 생존율은 온도가 낮아지고 수상레저활동 인구가 적을 때에는 취식행동이나 인간 활동에 따른 어류의 사망률 증감이 생존률 변이에 영향을 주었다. 반대로 온도가 높아지고 수상레저활동 인구가 많을 때의 생존율은 취식행동이나 사망률에 관계없이 항상 낮았다. 끝으로 본 연구를 통해 기후변화와 수상레저활동 인구변화와 관련된 어류의 초기 생활사를 수생태계 보전전략이나 건강성 평가분석에 포함시키는 것은 분석의 정확성과 정밀성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.790-798
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• 2013

Benthic macroinvertebrates are widely used as biological indicators for assessing the integrity of aquatic ecosystem. However, sampling has usually been done with fixed sample size due to time consuming and costly process. This study was conducted to find out the influence of sample size on the biological indices (H' DI, R1, J, EPT, ESB and BMI) of benthic macroinvertebrates. The 15 replicate samples were quantitatively collected from each 3 different site of two mountain streams in May, 2011. With the replicate data, we combined the abundance of each species with all the possible combinations of the sample size. Along with the increase of sample size, the number of species increased continuously and did not converge. BMI showed little difference whereas other biological indices increased or decreased.