• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.954-962
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• 2019

It is well known that the variance of tally is biased in a Monte Carlo calculation based on the power iteration method. Several studies have been conducted to estimate the real variance. Among them, the batch method, which was proposed by Gelbard and Prael, has been utilized actively in many Monte Carlo codes because the method is straightforward, and it is easy to implement the method in the codes. However, there is a problem when utilizing the batch method because the estimated variance varies depending on batch size. Often, the appropriate batch size is not realized before the completion of several Monte Carlo calculations. This study recognizes this shortcoming and addresses it by permitting selection of an appropriate batch size.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.514-520
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• 1993

다구찌의 실험계획기법을 이용하여 탄소섬유/페놀수지의 결화싸이클을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 1인자 2수준과 7인자 3수준으로 구성된 $L_{18}(2^1 \times 3_7)$ 직교배열표를 사용하였고, 특성치로 굴곡강도와 기공률을 선정하여 실험하였다. 실험계획법의 압축성형 인자로는 8개의 성형인자(승온속도, 가압온도, 성형압력, 경화온도, 경화온도에서의 유지시간, 냉각속도 및 탈기포)가 고려되었으며, 이들 성형인자가 탄소섬유/페놀수지 복합재료의 물성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 분산분석법으로 실험결과를 분석한 결과, 탄소섬유/패놀수지 복합재료의 굴곡강도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 성형인자는 성형압력이고, 기공률에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 성형인자는 경화온도임이 밝혀졌다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1376-1384
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• 2019

The cosmetic and behavioral aspects of aging have become increasingly evident over the years. Physical aging in people can easily be observed on their face, posture, voice, and gait. In contrast, bone aging only becomes apparent once significant bone degeneration manifests through degenerative bone diseases. Therefore, a more accurate and timely assessment of bone aging is needed so that the determinants and its mechanisms can be more effectively identified and ultimately optimized. This study proposed a deep learning approach to assess the bone age of an adult using whole-body bone scintigraphy. The proposed approach uses multiple inputs deep neural network architectures using a loss function, called mean-variance loss. The data set was collected from Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital. The experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed method with a mean absolute error of 3.40 years.

• 천문학회보
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.101.1-101.1
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• 2014

The fluctuation of VLBI visibility phase can be occurred, predominantly caused by the irregular distribution and motion of water vapor in the atmosphere at high frequencies (>1GHz). This radio-seeing effect shows up on filled-aperture telescopes as an anomalous refraction (AR). This can be shown as if the antenna pointing-offset increases, in other words the apparent displacement of radio sources from its nominal position happens. We carried out the single-dish observations on KVN sites in order to check the effect of AR from 2010 to 2014. Orion KL, U Her, and R Leo were observed with 1second sampling time at 22.235GHz and 43.122GHz simultaneously. Each source was observed with the tracking mode for 30 minutes per a source. We analyzed the structure function, power spectrum and Allan variance of the data according to a day and a night, a season and observatories. Finally, we can infer that the AR effect depends on the atmospheric environment, especially tropospheric turbulence.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1410-1419
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• 1989

In this paper, we present a new synthetic high coding method which gives high image compression ratio. Given an image, only its low-pass component is transmitted by DCT coding` the high-pass component is not transmitted but synthesized using edge sharpening on the reconstructed low-pass image at the receiver. For the DCT coding which is used to encode the low-pass image, we used an improved version of Cox's variance estimator. Also, introduced are new image quality measures called GSNR and EPR which emphasize perceptual aspects of image quality. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed synthetic high coding is better in various quality measures than that of Cox's adaptive transform coding. Also, it yields acceptable image quality with neither apparent block effect nor visible granular noise even at high compression ratio of about 30:1.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2006

It is important to estimate the true misclassification rate of a given classifier when an independent set of test data is not available. Cross-validation and bootstrap are two possible approaches in this case. In related literature bootstrap estimators of the true misclassification rate were asserted to have better performance for small samples than cross-validation estimators. We compare the two estimators empirically when the classification rule is so adaptive to training data that its apparent misclassification rate is close to zero. We confirm that bootstrap estimators have better performance for small samples because of small variance, and we have found a new fact that their bias tends to be significant even for moderate to large samples, in which case cross-validation estimators have better performance with less computation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance, the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and energy, the retention of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) in broiler chickens supplemented with increasing doses of a worm leachate (WL) as a source of humic substances (HS) in the drinking water. In Exp. 1, 140 male broilers were penned individually and assigned to four WL levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) mixed in the drinking water from 21 to 49 days of age. Water was offered in plastic bottles tied to the cage. In Exp. 2, 600 male broilers from 21 to 49 days of age housed in floor pens were assigned to three levels of WL (0%, 10%, and 20%) mixed in the drinking water. The WL was mixed with tap water in plastic containers connected by plastic tubing to bell drinkers. The results of both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts. In Exp. 1, the daily water consumption was similar among treatments but the consumption of humic, fulvic, and total humic acids increased linearly (p<0.01) as the WL increased in the drinking water. The feed conversion (p<0.01) and the ileal digestibility of energy, the excretion of dry matter and energy, the retention of dry matter, ash and nitrogen and the AMEn showed quadratic responses (p<0.05) relative to the WL levels in drinking water. In Exp. 2, the increasing level of WL in the drinking water had quadratic effects on the final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The addition of WL as a source of HS in the drinking water had beneficial effects on the growth performance, ileal digestibility of energy, the retention of nutrients as well on the AMEn in broiler chickens; the best results were observed when the WL was mixed at levels of 20% to 30% in the drinking water.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine the impact of pseudoglandular formation on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and to validate the results using histopathological grades. Materials and Methods: We assessed 182 HCCs surgically resected from 169 consecutive patients. Each type of tumor pseudoglandular formation was categorized into "non-," "mixed-," or "pure-," based on official histopathology reports. The ADC for each tumor was independently measured, using the largest region of interest on the ADC map. Data were assessed using the analysis of variance test, with Bonferroni correction for post hoc analysis to stratify the relationship of ADCs with pseudoglandular formation, followed by subgroup analysis according to the histopathological tumor grades. Results: The mean ADC was significantly higher in pure pseudoglandular lesions (n = 5, $1.29{\pm}0.08{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$) than in non-pseudoglandular lesions (n = 132, $1.08{\pm}0.17{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$; P = 0.003) or mixed-pseudoglandular lesions (n = 45, $1.16{\pm}0.24{\times}10^{-3}mm^2/s$; P = 0.034). The ADC values and pseudoglandular formation were significantly correlated in moderately differentiated HCCs (n = 103; r = 0.307, P = 0.007), while well- (n = 19) and poorly-differentiated HCCs (n = 60) did not show significant correlation (r = 0.105 and 0.068, respectively; P = 0.600 and 0.685, respectively). Conclusion: The degree of pseudoglandular formation could be one of the determinants of ADC in DWI of HCCs-especially moderately differentiated HCCs-while its influence does not appear to be significant in well- or poorly differentiated HCCs.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the application of laplacian-regularized mean apparent propagator (MAPL)-MRI to brain glioma-induced corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 patients with glioma adjacent to the CST pathway who had undergone structural and diffusion MRI. The entire CSTs of the affected and healthy sides were reconstructed, and the peritumoral CSTs were manually segmented. The morphological characteristics of the CST (track number, average length, volume, displacement of the affected CST) were examined and the diffusion parameter values, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), mean squared displacement (MSD), q-space inverse variance (QIV), return-to-origin probability (RTOP), return-to-axis probabilities (RTAP), and return-to-plane probabilities (RTPP) along the entire and peritumoral CSTs, were calculated. The entire and peritumoral CST characteristics of the affected and healthy sides as well as those relative CST characteristics of the patients with motor weakness and normal motor function were compared. Results: The track number, volume, MD, RD, MSD, QIV, RTAP, RTOP, and RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs changed significantly for the affected side, whereas the AD and FA changed significantly only in the peritumoral CST (p < 0.05). In patients with motor weakness, the relative MSD of the entire CST, QIV of the entire and peritumoral CSTs, and the AD, MD, RD of the peritumoral CST were significantly higher, whereas the RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs and the RTOP of the peritumoral CST were significantly lower than those in patients with normal motor function (p < 0.05 for all). In contrast, no significant changes were found in the CST morphological characteristics, FA, or RTAP (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: MAPL-MRI is an effective approach for evaluating microstructural changes after CST injury. Its sensitivity may improve when using the peritumoral CST features.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2014

본 연구는 번식기 북방산개구리(Rana dybowskii)를 대상으로 고속도로 소음지역과 자연지역에서 울음소리 차이가 있는지 분석하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 원주시 영동고속도로변 논 2개소와 소음 영향이 없는 자연지역 논 2개소를 선정하였다. 울음 녹음은 2014년 2월 24일, 2월 27일, 3월 14일, 18:30~20:00 사이에 진행하였다. 북방산개구리 번식기 울음은 자연지역에서 700Hz대에서 기음이 형성되었으며, 2~4개의 배음이 관측되었다. 반면 고속도로 소음지역 번식기 울음은 보다 높은 주파수대에서 기음이 형성되었을 뿐 아니라 배음도 2~7개까지 관측되었다. 분산분석 결과, 고속도로 소음에 직접 노출된 논에 서식하는 개구리 울음소리 제1배음의 주파수가 다른 지점에 서식하는 개구리 울음소리 주파수 보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 고속도로와 인접한 지역이라 하더라도 지형의 단차가 있고 산림으로 막혀 있어 고속도로 소음에 의한 직접적인 영향을 받고 있지 않은 지점의 경우는 자연지역과 개구리 울음소리 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 북방산개구리가 고속도로 소음 환경에서 자연지역보다 고주파 영역에서 더 많은 배음을 만들어서 에너지 효율적으로 자동차 소음에 의한 음향 간섭을 피하기 때문으로 판단된다. 이 결과는 또한 인공적인 소음에 의한 개구리 번식을 방해하지 않기 위해서는 이 임계수준 이하로 서식처 소음 환경을 관리하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 시사해 준다.