• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-135
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• 2001

Application of growth promoters by means of implantation or supplementation to the diets has been routine in the beef cattle industry of many countries for the better performance in growth and improvement of feed efficiency. Anabolic implants (zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and estradiol with testosterone or progesterone) have generated various positive effects. Zeranol implantation, in general, improved average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), dressing percentage (DP) and yield grade (YG) of cattle, and increased dry matter intake (DMI). Trenbolone acetate with or without estradiol also increased mean values of ADG and loin eye area (LEA) but reduced DMI and improved FC of cattle. Estradiol with testosterone or progesterone increased ADG and DMI. Anabolic implants, however, had minimal or negative effects on marbling or quality grade. The magnitude of the response to these anabolic implants in performance of beef cattle has varied depending on the type of implants, amount and duration of exposure, age of animals and combination of implants. Administration of bovine somatotropin improved ADG and FC, and decreased fat deposition. Ionophores improved FC in cattle from reduced DMI without great response to ADG. Supplementation of monensin and lasalocid reduced molar proportion of propionate. Monensin and lysocellin increased apparent absorption and retention of some minerals in cattle. Despite the improved cattle performance in growth and FC, results in beef quality from the application of the growth promoters appeared to vary or in conflict under a variety of environmental conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 1994

Color characteristics were investigated for white ginseng powder immediately and during storage following treatments of gamma ray or ethylene oxide (EO) for microbial decontamination. The variation in fatand water-soluble pigments of the sample was negligible immediately after both treatments, however an apparent increase was observed in the samples stored for four months at $25^{\circ}C$ and RH 90%, in the order of nontreated control, EO-fumigated, and 5 key-irradiated samples. Hunter's color a and b values of white ginseng powder increased slightly in proportion to irradiation doses, whereas EO fumigation caused a decrease in L value and an increase in a and b values of the sample, showing overall color difference (${\delta}^E$) of 1.8. Considering the higher ${\delta}^E$ in the higher RH conditions, airtight packaging and sterilization using like gamma ray were considered an effective means for maintaining high quality of color characteristics in stored white ginseng powder.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2011

Flour and isolated starch from chickpea (desi type, 328S-8) were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties. The protein content, total starch content and apparent amylose content of chickpea flour and isolated starch were 22.2% and 0.6%, 45.8% and 91.5%, and 11.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Chickpea starch granules had an oval to round shape with a smooth surface. The X-ray diffraction pattern of chickpea starch was of the C-type and relative crystallinity was 24.6%. Chickpea starch had only a single endothermic transition (13.3 J/g) in the DSC thermogram, whereas chickpea flour showed two separate endothermic transitions corresponding to starch gelatinization (5.1 J/g) and disruption of the amylose-lipid complex (0.7 J/g). The chickpea flour had a significantly lower pasting viscosity without breakdown due to low starch content and interference of other components. The chickpea starch exhibited significant high setback in the viscogram. The average branch chain length, proportion of short branch chain (DP 6~12), and long branch chains (DP${\geq}$37) of isolated chickpea starch were 20.1, 20.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents of chickpea flour and starch were 9.9% and 21.5%, 28.7% and 57.7%, and 7.1% and 9.3%, respectively. The expected glycemic index (eGI) of chickpea flour (39.5), based on the hydrolysis index, was substantially lower than that of isolated chickpea starch (69.2).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2015

We conducted this study to investigate the amount of RS and cooking characteristics of the commercial extrusion-cooked noodles. Ten kinds of noodles were selected and grouped according to the storage conditions; dry noodles (3), refrigerated noodles (2), freeze noodles (4), and dry noodle made from wheat flour as a control (not extrusion-cooked). The total starch of commercial noodles ranged from 62.50% to 84.13%, Refrigerated Naengmyeon and dry Dangmyun had high proportions of total starch (respectively 84.13% and 80.13%, respectively). The amounts of apparent amylose ranged from 25.01% to 42.93% and RS ranged from 0.61% to 5.99%. A high proportion of the total starch was rendered digestible by extrusion cooking, and a small amount of RS remained in the samples. Dry Dangmyun had the highest percentages of RS (5.99%), followed by refrigerated Naengmyeon C (2.41%) and dry Jjolmyeon (1.94%), and those of the other noodles were lower than that of the control (1.86%). Cooking properties and texture measurements were evaluated. Cooking loss and turbidity of cooking water were highest in dry Jjolmyeon and dry Naengmyeon. There was little cooking loss in dry Dangmyun and freeze rice noodles. In particular, dry Dangmyun and refrigerated Naengmyeon C containing high amounts of RS and amylose had relatively high measurements of hardness and tensile strength.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.576-583
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• 2009

Based on the stem analysis and biomass measurement of 36 trees and 1,576 branches in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolian pine) plantations of Northeast China, this study was conducted to develop estimation model equation for leaf biomass of a single tree and branch, to examine the vertical distribution of leaf biomass in the crown, and to evaluate the proportional ratios of biomass by tree parts, stem, branch, and leaf. The results indicated that DBH and crown length were quite appropriate to estimate leaf biomass. The biomass of single branch was highly correlated with branch collar diameter and relative height of branch in the crown, but not much with stand density, site quality, and tree height. Weibull distribution function would have been appropriate to express vertical distribution of leaf biomass. The shape parameters from 29 sample trees out of 36 were less than 3.6, indicating that vertical distribution of leaf biomass in the crown was displayed by bell-shaped curve, a little inclined toward positive side. Apparent correlationship was obtained between leaf biomass and branch biomass having resulted in linear function equation. The stem biomass occupied around 80% and branch and leaf made up about 20% of total biomass in a single tree. As the level of tree class was increased from class I to class V, the proportion of the stem biomass to total biomass was gradually increased, but that of branch and leaf became decreased.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 1998

To develop a model for prediction of turnip mosaic virus(TuMV) disease progress of Chinese cabbage based on weather information and number of TuMV vector aphids trapped in Taegwallyeong alpine area, data were statistically processed together. As the variables influenced on TuMV disease progress, cumulative portion(CPT) above 13$^{\circ}C$ in daily average temperature was the most significant, and solar radiation, duration of sunshine, vector aphids and cumulative temperature above $0^{\circ}C$ were significant. When logistic model and Gompertz model were compared by detemining goodness of fit for TuMV disease progress using CPT as independent variable, regression coefficient was higher in the logistic model than in the Gompertz model. Epidemic parameters, apparent infection rate and initial value of logistic model, were estimated by examining the relationship between disease proportion linearized by logit transformation equation, In(Y/Yf-Y) and CPT. Models able to describe the progression of TuMV disease were formulated in Y=100/(1+128.4 exp(-0.013.CPT.(-1(1/(1+66.7.exp(-0.11.day). Calculated disease progress from the model was in good agreement with investigated actual disease progress showing high significance of the coefficient of determination with 0.710.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

The spheric sintered body with $6{\pm}2mm$ diameter was manufactured in a rotary kiln at $1125^{\circ}C$/15 min using green body formed by pelletizing the batch powder composing of coal bottom ash produced from power plant and dredged soil by 70:30, wt%. And the physical properties of sintered body (BD) were analyzed to confirm the possibility for applying to an absorbent to restore a contaminated soil. The sintered body had a giant pore above 100 ${\mu}m$ and a fine pore below 10 ${\mu}m$, and bulk density was 1.4. Also its specific surface area, porosity and void proportion were $12.0m^2/g$, 30.1% and 38.2% respectively. The crushed body (BD-C), produced by crushing a BD specimen into an irregular shape with a aspect ratio of about 2, was similar to BD specimen at bulk density and pore size distribution. But it had superior values of specific surface area, porosity and void proportion compared with BD specimen owing to a decreased apparent volume due to conversion of closed pore existed at interior of BD to open pore during a crushing process. The IEP of sintered body occurred at about pH=5, so the optimum pH condition of reacting aqueous solution could be known before bonding a microbe to the sintered body. Hence, the optimum void proportion and porosity of an absorbent can be obtained by appropriate mixing a BD with BD-C from the base data calculated in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.68-74
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• 1970

In the previous studies, the present author found that high proportion of the follicular oocytes from mouse and rabbit ovaries are able to resume their maturation division in the anterior chamber of the eye in which they have been incubated by auto- or homoplastic transplantation. Especially in the case of the homoplastic transplantation, it was known that no trouble has been detected in the process of resumption of the oval maturation in particular connection with the antigen-antibody reaction between donor and recipient. These findings provide a possibility that the follicular oocytes from various animals would be matured in the eye even after the xenoplastic transplantation. Under such an assumption, the present studies were performed to examine the behavior of the follicular oocytes in the eye chamber of the animals of different species. For the donor of the follicular oocytes, domestic rabbits, albino rats of Sprague-Dowley strain, and albino mice of A-strain bred in our laboratory were used. The oocytes obtained from the ovarian follicules were introduced to the anterior chamber of the eye of different species of animals, with an exception of rabbit in which only the female animals were used as a recipient. The procedures of collection of ova, introduction to the eye, harvest from the eye ball, fixation, and staining were the same as mentioned in the previous reports (Cho, 1967b; Cho and Kim, 1968). The conclusions obtained are summarized as below. 1. The rabbit follicular oocytes are able to mature in the eye chambers of both male mouse and rat, although the proportion of the maturation is lower than when they are incubated autoplastically in the eye. When the ova were incubated in the male mouse eye for 24 hours, 21 per cent of them showed chromosomes at metaphase I and II, whereas the rate was 32 per cent when they were incubated in the eye of the male rat. These are apparently low comparing to the rate of 52 per cent of autoplastic transplantation. 2. When rat follicular oocytes were transferred into the mouse eye chamber and recovered after 24 hours, 43 per cent of them produced the mataphase I and II chromosomes. This proportion was higher than the result of the homoplastic transplantation which yielded 23 per cent of the ova on maturation. 3. The most striking result was found in the experiment with mouse follicular oocytes. Seventy-six per cent of the oocytes resumed their maturation division within 24 hours after they were transferred into the male rat eye chamber, and this figure was significantly high compared to the result o 55 per cent obtained by the homoplastic transplantation. In the rat eye, the induction of the degenerative ova also was low (19%). On the other hand, the proportion of the oval maturation decreased to 45 per cent, while that of degeneration increased 33 per cent when they were incubated in the eye of the female rabbit. 4. It was apparent from the present experiments that the follicular oocytes can reveal their activation to maturation in the eye chamber which contains aqueous humor which is known to be composed of low protein content and of very little gamma-globulin which acts as an antibody(Oser, 1965), and that it shows higher osmolarity than blood serum(Levene, 1958). Taking these properities into consideration the humor may provide unfavourable environment to the cells and tissues incubated in. However, it could be noteworthy finding that only the follicular oocytes in the eye of the different species can grow in healthy condition although the maturation rates are varied with the animal species. The fact that the rabbit follicular oocytes show the lower proportion in maturation may be due to the greater amount of the yolk granules in the egg cytoplasm than those in the mouse and rat oocytes. That the mouse oocytes incubated in the eye of the rat mouse and rat oocytes. That the mouse oocytes incubated in the eye of the rat resumed their maturation process in greater proportion would e explained by the fact that the rat eye chamber particularly provides the better environment to the mouse oocytes than the eye chamber of mouse does.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different amounts of wheat, as a partial or whole substitute for corn, on digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, serum metabolite contents and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. Four Limousin${\times}$LuXi crossbred cattle with a body weight ($400{\pm}10kg$), fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas, were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments: Control (100% corn), 33% wheat (33% substitution for corn), 67% wheat (67% substitution for corn), and 100% wheat (100% substitution for corn) on a dry matter basis. The results showed that replacing corn with increasing amounts of wheat increased the apparent digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p<0.05). While the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower with increasing amounts of wheat. Digestive enzyme activities of lipase, protease and amylase in the duodenum were higher with increasing wheat amounts (p<0.05), and showed similar results to those for the enzymes in the ileum except for amylase. Increased substitution of wheat for corn increased the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between those given only corn and those given 33% wheat. Increasing the substitution of wheat for corn increased the molar proportion of acetate and tended to increase the acetate-to-propionate ratio. Cattle fed 100% wheat tended to have the lowest ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration compared with control (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the cattle fed 33% and 67% wheat. These findings indicate that wheat can be effectively used to replace corn in moderate amounts to meet the energy and fiber requirements of beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.861-867
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• 2005

Feeding values of soybean hulls (SH) were compared to those of wheat bran (WB) for swine diets by chemical compositions, a digestion trial, a preference test by self-selection, and two feeding trials. The SH and the WB appeared to have, on airdry basis, 11.1 vs. 15.4% CP, 32.5 vs. 8.7% crude fiber (CF), 36.8 vs. 10.7% ADF, 0.6 vs. 0.1% Ca, and 492 vs. 92 ppm Fe, respectively. Lysine and total sulfur-containing amino acids in the SH were 0.66 vs. 0.37%, respectively. Apparent digestibility values of the SH were 71% for dry matter, 50% for CP, and 74% for CF. Apparent digestible energy and MEn values of the SH were 2,420 and 2,370 kcal kg$^-1$, respectively, which were comparable to those of the WB, 2,420 and 2,275 kcal kg$^-1$ (NRC, 1998), respectively. The first feeding trial was conducted with 72 crossbred growing pigs with an average weight of 29.6 kg. The pigs when fed the diets containing 0, 6 and 10% SH by replacing the WB on a weight basis for 42 days did not show significant differences in body weight gain and feed/gain ratio among the treatments. The same trends were observed in the second trial with 60 crossbred finishing pigs with an average weight of 64.5 kg when fed the diets containing 12% SH or WB for 41 days. Back-fat thickness and adjusted loin eye muscle area of the finisher pigs were also not significantly different between the two groups. When allowed to self-select from two different feed troughs containing 10% SH or WB for two weeks, two groups of 80 pigs with 10 pigs per pen consumed the two diets exactly in equal proportion. In conclusion, the soybean hulls can be included up to 10 and 12% for growing or finishing pig diets, respectively, replacing the wheat bran on a weight basis without any adverse effects on palatability of diets and animal performances.