• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.271-275
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• 1976

Truncus arteriosus is a rare and highly lethal cardiac anomaly characterized by a single arterial trunk emerging from the heart and supplying the coronary, systemic, and pulmonary circulations, The first successful correction of truncus arteriosus was reported by McGoon et al. in 1968 and was based on experimental work reported by Rastelli et al. in 1967 in which a conduit consisting of a homograft of the ascending aorta and aortic valve was used to establish continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries, Modification of this procedure using a Dacron tube valved with porcine xenograft instead of a homograft have resulted in the current definite treatment for truncus arteriosus. This report describes an 3 years and 4 months old boy with heart failure from type I truncus arteriosus who was diagnosed as the V. S. D. with pulmonary hypertension preoperatively and underwent corrective surgery employing the Rastelli procedure using a Dacron conduit valved with canine xenograft, but died due to massive bleeding from the anastomosis sites in operating room.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.112-114
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• 2016

The half-turned truncal switch (HTTS) operation has been reported as an alternative to the Rastelli or $r{\acute{e}}paration$ $\grave{a}$ $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tage$ ventriculaire procedures. HTTS prevents left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonary stenosis (PS), or in those with a Taussig-Bing anomaly with PS. The advantages of the HTTS procedure are avoidance of late LVOT or right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, and of overstretching of the pulmonary artery. We report the case of a patient who underwent HTTS for TGA with VSD and PS, in whom there was no LVOT obstruction and only mild aortic regurgitation and mild RVOT obstruction, including observations at 12-year follow-up. Our experience with long-term follow-up of HTTS supports a solution for late complications after the Rastelli procedure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.649-655
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• 1988

One hundred and one patients with tetralogy of Fallot who were older than 16 years of age underwent a total correction of the anomaly between May, 1964 and July, 1987. This group comprised 14.9% of the 679 consecutive patients who had repair of the tetralogy at our institution during the same period. Of the 101 patients, 8 had a previous shunt procedure for palliation. The preoperative mean hemoglobin value was 16.9*1.0% and the mean systemic oxygen saturation, 84.4*0.9%. In 76 patients[75.2%], a type II ventricular septal defect was seen whereas in 14 patients[13.9%], the defect was type I. In 72 patients[71.3%], other cardiac anomalies were present which included patent foramen ovale in 37.6%, atrial septal defect in 8.99b, vegetations in 6.9%, right sided aortic arch in 5.9% and coronary artery anomaly in 5.0%. The right ventricular outflow obstruction was caused most commonly by combination of infundibular and valvular stenosis[74.3%], followed by isolated infundibular stenosis[19.8%] and valvular stenosis [5.9%] alone in order. The preoperative mean diameter of the pulmonary valve ring size was 10.2*0.5 mm in diameter. A transannular patch enlargement of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed in 28 patients and, in 12 a pericardial monocusp was utilized. Major anomalous aorto-pulmonary vessels were encountered in 5 patients which were detected before or during the operation. In 3 patients, they were ligated beforehand to control the flooding of the operative field. Postoperatively, the mean systolic pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery was 16.2*2.3 mmHg and the mean systolic pressure- ratio between the right and the left ventricle was 45.3*2.0%. Perioperative complications including bleeding in 8.9%, pleural effusion in 7.9%, dysrrhythmia in 4.9%, and residual VSD in 4.0%. Operative mortality was 8.9%. There has been no operative death in the recent 65 cases since 1981. There were 2 late deaths, 68 and 113 months after surgery. There were 2 late detachment of the VSD patch during the follow-up period. Of the 6 patients with patch detachment found during the postoperative period, 3 had subacute bacterial endocarditis before or after the operation indicating The serious nature of this complication. Two of these patients subsequently underwent a successful reoperation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1025-1035
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• 1989

Since we first performed open heart surgery on December 30, 1986, 126 cases were operated on up to August 31, 1989. Among the 126 cases, 65 cases were congenital heart disease of which 63 were acyanotic disease, and 61 cases were acquired heart disease, most of which were valvular heart disease. The age distribution of congenital heart disease was from 1 years 2 months to 48 years, and males had a slightly higher incidence. The age of acquired heart disease was from a minimum of 15 years to a maximum of 68 years, and the male to female ratio was 1;1.5. Midsternotomy was performed in all cases, and the aortic cannula was inserted through ascending aorta and the venous cannula inserted into the SVC and IVC through the right atrium. Vent was inserted through the right superior pulmonary vein. Cardioplegia solution was used in all cases; it was composed of sodium bicarbonate 3.5 ampule, KCL 14 mEq, 2% lidocaine 2.5 ml, 20 % albumin 50 ml and heparin 1000 units mixed to 950 ml with Hartman solution, and was made to 4oC and infused 10 ml per Kg every 20 minutes. The congenital heart disease had a variety of VSD in 32 cases, ASD 23 cases, PS 6 cases, PDA 2 cases, and one case each of Ebsteins anomaly and tricuspid atresia. The operations performed for acquired heart disease were 4 cases of OMC, 33 cases of MVR, and 5 cases of AVR, and 1 case of AVR with CABG. DVR was perfomed in 13 cases, and triple valve replacement was done in 1 case. Other than these, excision of LA myxoma was 2 cases, and repair of traumatic VSD and removal of a pulmonary embolism were one case each. The surgical mortality was 5 cases[4%], all of which occurred in valve replacement cases. Follow-up study revealed 2 late deaths. One died after a traffic accident and one died due to sepsis after he had received a gastrectomy for ulcer bleeding. The remaining patients were in good condition.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.578-584
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• 2004

발살바동 동맥류는 드문 심장 기형으로 수술 후 장기 생존율이 잘 알려져 있지 않다 본 연구는 발살바동 동맥류의 수술적 치료 후 장기 성적을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1991년 1991년 3월부터 2003년 11월까지 발살바동 동맥류로 수술한 35명(남자 23, 여자 12, 평균 연령 35.2세, 범위 11세∼64세)의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 술 전 NYHA 기능적 분류는 26명(74.3%)에서 class III∼IV였다. 술 전 심초음파상 평균 심구출률은 63.32 $\pm$ 11.43%였고 9명(25.7%)의 환자는 대동맥 판막 폐쇄 부전 grade III∼IV였다. 발살바동 파열부위의 수술은 직접 봉합이 14예(46.7%), 첩포를 이용한 폐쇄는 16예 (53.3%)에서 시행되었다. 대동맥 판막 치환술은 5예에서(14.3%) 성형술은 3예에서(8.6%) 시행되었다. 그리고 3명(8.6%)의 환자에서는 Bentall's 수술을 했으며 동반된 수술은 심실 중격 결손 폐쇄 12예 (34.3%), 심방 중격 결손 폐쇄 3예(8.6%)였다. 평균 심폐체외순환 시간은 116.79 $\pm$ 38.79분이었고 평균 대동맥 차단 시간은 81.2 $\pm$ 28.97분이었다. 결과: 수술 사망은 없었다. 1예에서 완전 방실 차단으로 영구 심장 박동기를 삽입했다. 재수술은 3예에서 시행하였는데 1예는 발살바동 동맥류 재발로 직접 봉합했고 1예는 대동맥 판막 기능 부전이 악화되어 인공 판막 치환술을, 1예는 인공 판막 치환술 후 판막 열개로 Bentall's 수술을 시행했다. 평균 추적 기간은 58.55$\pm$38.38개월이었으며 만기 사망은 1예 있었다. 5 year freedom from reoperation rate는 87.1 $\pm$ 7%였다. 결론: 발살바동 동맥류의 수술적 치료는 안전하며 만족할 만한 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.931-938
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• 1998

연구배경 : 대혈관전위증에 있어서 동맥전환술은 현재 가장 적절한 치료방법이 되었다. 비교적 최근에 개심술을 시작한 저자들 병원에서의 신생아 동맥전환술의 성적을 후향적으로 분석해 보고자 한다. 재료 및 방법 : 1991년 10월부터 1997년 11월까지 총 33명의 신생아에서 동맥전환술을 시행하였고 진단별로는 온전한 심실중격을 갖고 있는 대혈관전위증이 27례, 심실중격결손을 갖고 있는 대혈관전위증이 3례, Taussig- Bing anomaly가 3례였다. 환아들의 평균나이는 10.9$\pm$7.9일, 평균체중은 3.29$\pm$0.44kg이었다. 결과: 전체 술후 병원사망은 10례로 30.3%의 사망률을 보였다. 이를 수술시기적으로 나누어 보면, 1994년 이전은 모두 8례 중 6례 사망하여 75%, 1994년과 1995년 2년동안은 10례 중 2례 사망하여 20%, 1996년 이후는 15례 중 2례 사망하여 13.3%로 시간이 지남에 따라 수술사망률이 감소함을 보였다. 수술사망에 관여하는 위험요소는 초기의 수술과 응급수술이나 좋지 못한 술전상황을 하나이상 갖고 있는 경우가 수술사망의 위험요소로 파악되었다. 만기사망은 2명에서 발생하였으며 생존한 21명 전원에서 평균 17.4$\pm$16.5개월동안 추적관찰이 가능하였다. 모두 NYHA functional class I의 양호한 상태로 잘 성장하고 있으며 1례에서 경한 폐동맥협착증과 2례에서 경도의 대동맥폐쇄부전증이 심장초음파검사에서 발견되었다. 결론 : 대혈관전위증을 갖고 있는 신생아에서의 동맥전환술은 그 수술성적이 경험이 쌓임에 따라 많이 향상되고 있고 또한, 수술생존자의 만기성적이 매우 양호함을 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2006

배경: 대동맥 단절증은 드문 선천성 심기형으로 여전히 높은 수술 사망률을 보이고 있다. 이 연구에서는 사망의 원인과 위험인자를 분석하여 사망률이 높은 이 질환의 수술 결과를 향상시키기 위한 전략을 발견하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1984년부터 2004년까지 대동맥궁 단절증으로 진단 받은 42명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자의 나이, 수슬 당시의 체중, 수술 전 진단, 수술 전 PGE1의 사용여부, 대동맥궁 단절증의 형태, 수술 전 좌심실 유출로 협착의 정도, 인공심폐기 가동시간, 대동맥 겸자 시간 등을 사망 위험인자가 될 수 있는 후보 요소들로 가정하고 이에 대한 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 14명의 수술 사망이 있었다. 사망원인은 페동맥 밴딩으로 인한 저산소증 및 이로 인하여 초래된 양심실 유출로의 협착, 감염, 승모판 역류, 장시간의 체외순환으로 인한 심근 손상, 대혈관 전위증 환자에서의 관상동맥 전위의 실패 등이었으며, 수슬 전 PGE1의 사용 여부, 인공심폐기의 보조 기간과 대동맥 결찰 시간 등이 사망과 관련된 위험인자로 분석되었다. 수술 전 좌심실 유출로의 협착 정도는 통계학적인 의미를 얻어내지는 못했지만, 협착 정도가 심할수록 사망률이 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (p-value=0.61). 결론: 이 연구에서 저자들은 수술 전 PGE1의 사용유무, 인공심폐기의 가동 시간과 대동맥 결찰 시간 등이 수술 사망을 높이는 인자임을 밝혔다. 작은 크기의 대동맥 하 좌심실 유출로는 수술 사망과 직접적인 관련은 없었지만, 수술 사망률의 증가에 따라 협착의 정도가 심해지는 소견은 보였다. 수술 전 환자 상태와 보다 짧은 수술 시간이 위험인자로 밝혀진 만큼, 수술 전 환자에 대한 적절한 처치와 정확한 수술적 전략을 통한 수술 시간 단축이 보다 나은 수술 성적을 위해서 꼭 필요하다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2006

배경: 대동맥폐동맥창은 매우 드문 질환이며 동반 심기형을 보이는 경우가 흔하다. 좌우 단락에 의한 과다한 폐 혈류량으로 조기 교정이 필수이나, 정확한 진단과 수술적 교정으로 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 과거 20년간의 경험한 대동맥폐동맥창을 정리하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1985년 3월부터 2005년 1월까지 16명(남 10, 여 6)의 환자가 대동맥폐동맥창으로 진단되어 수술적 교정을 시행하였고,수술당시 평균연령은 $157.8{\pm}245.3$ ($15.0{\sim}994.0$)일이었고, 평균 체중은 $4.8{\pm}±2.5$ ($1.7{\sim}10.7$) kg이었다. 동반 심기형은 동맥관개존증(8예), 심방중격결손증(7예), 대동맥궁단절증(5예), 심실중격결손증(4예), 난원공(3예), 삼첨판막역류증(3예), 승모판역류증(2예), 대동맥판역류증(1예), 대동맥축착증(1예), 좌측상대정맥(1예), 우심증(1예)이었다. 수술 방법은 대동맥폐동맥창의 분리 절단 후 대동맥 부위를 일차 봉합 또는 첩포 봉합하고 폐동맥 부위를 일차 봉합 또는 첩포 봉합하거나(11예), 대동맥폐동맥창의 분리 절단 없이 동맥 내에서 첩포 봉합술을 하거나(3예), 대동맥궁단절 및 대동맥축착을 동반한 환자에서 하대동맥을 직접 대동맥 창에 봉합하였다. (2예). 결과: 사망한 경우가 1예 있었다. 환자는 기관지 분지부에서 상방 2.5 cm정도 심한 협착과 기관유래기관지가 우상엽과 연결되어 있었던 경우로, 기관성형술(sliding tracheoplasty)시행 후 과다 출혈로 술 후 5일째 사망하였다. 복잡 대동맥폐동맥창 환자의 입원 기간 및 중환자실 체류 기간이 더 길었으며, 재수술(5예)과 합병증의 빈도도 더 높았다. 재수술은 좌폐동맥 협착(4예), 우폐동맥 협착(2예), 주폐동맥 협착(1예) 등이 원인이었다. 평균 추적 기간은 $6.8{\pm}5.6$ (57.0일$\sim$16.7년)년이었고, 생존 환자의 추적 기간 동안 NYHA 기능분류는 모두 I이었다. 결론: 연구자 등은 대동맥폐동맥창으로 진단된 16명의 환자에 대한 분석을 통해 조기 수술로 술 후 양호한 결과를 확보할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 동반 심기형의 적절한 수술적 교정이 만기 예후를 좌우하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 수술 후 재협착의 빈도를 줄이기 위한 수술 전략의 재고가 요구된다.