• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.650-657
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• 2017

Objective: This study was performed to report the effect of traditional Korean medicine as a treatment for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) combined with depressive and anxiety disorder. Methods: We treated this patient with traditional Korean medicine and measured symptom severity using the reflux symptom index (RSI), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). Results: After 3 weeks of treatment, most symptoms had decreased. The RSI score dropped from 21 to 8, BDI from 27 to 14, and BAI from 29 to 15. Conclusions: Traditional Korean medicine may be effective as a treatment for LPR combined with depressive and anxiety disorder, and a correlation may exist between LPR and psychological factors. However, more rigorous studies are required to identify exactly what treatment is most efficient for relieving LPR combined with depressive and anxiety disorder and whether LPR and psychological factors are clearly correlated.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.176-181
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• 2014

Objective : Despite high prevalence and effective treatments of panic disorder, lots of patients are not properly treated due to lack of awareness of the disorder. This study summarizes and presents the results from Public Awareness Survey of Panic Disorder during the Mental Health Exposition held in Seoul in April, 2014. Methods : A total of 401 participants who visited the booth of the Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorder agreed and completed the survey. The questionnaires comprised of three sections; first, after given a case of patient with panic disorder, participants were asked to choose a diagnosis and treatment options. Second, participants were asked to differentiate the symptoms of panic disorder from those of other mental disorders and answer where they acquired the knowledge of the disorder. Third, visual analogue scales were used to get more detailed information for several issues about panic disorder. The incidence and ratio for each question were provided and compared. Results : Among the participants, 78% reported a patient within the case need treatment, and 30% accurately recognized it was panic disorder. As for treatment needed, 40% selected psychotherapy by psychiatrists, 28% chose counseling by psychologist, 23% said that they can overcome it by self-care. Only 2% of participants selected the pharmacotherapy as treatment needed. Approximately 40% of participants have encountered information about the disorder from gossips of celebrities, 32% from mass-media, and merely 6% from medical professionals. About 80% of participants could discriminate the symptom of panic disorder from those of depression, schizophrenia, or generalized anxiety disorder. Conclusion : Our results suggest that substantial proportions of participants have the awareness of panic disorder, while as for treatment they were strongly biased against pharmacologic treatments. Most of their source of the awareness was not relied upon professional information. Efforts for giving correct information and increasing public awareness of panic disorder are needed to bridge a gap between professionals and general public.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2010

Researchers consider obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to be an anxiety disorder, but it often shows comorbidity with other disorders in the affective spectrum. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a strong association between OCD and mood disorders. In addition, some reports show the patients with OCD have attentional-processing impairments regarding emotional information. However, research has not revealed the exact nature and degree to which OCD constitutes an affective problem. In this review, we discuss the affective aspects of OCD and the relationship between OCD and mood disorders.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2019

Objectives: Insomnia patients who visited the psychiatric outpatient of a university department, were divided into those patients with insomnia alone and those with depression or anxiety disorder, along with insomnia. The study analyzed their demographic characteristics and the differences in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) results among the patient groups. Methods: Patients who visited the psychiatric department in Konkuk University hospital from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2018. If they were diagnosed with insomnia disorder based on DSM IV-TR and had undergone STAI, their electronic records were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the records, the patients were classified into those with insomnia disorder only, those with insomnia and anxiety disorder, and those with insomnia and depressive disorder. This study analyzed the demographic characteristics and STAI results of each group, and compared the differences among those groups. Results: During the period, 99 of 329 insomnia disorder patients who had performed STAI were diagnosed with depressive concurrent disorder and 61 with concurrent anxiety disorder. There was no difference in demographic characteristics of age and sex ratio among the three patient groups, and all had greater than 70% proportions of patients aged from 50s to 70s (71.8%, 77.1%, and 73.8% respectively). The average scores of STAI-I were 51.85 ± 10.15 for the patients with anxiety disorders and 54.18 ± 10.32 for those with depressive disorders, both of which were higher than the score of the patients with insomnia alone (44.55 ± 8.89). However, the score difference was not statically significant between the anxiety and depression groups. Similarly, in the STAI-II comparison, the averages of patients with anxiety or depressive disorders along with insomnia were 49.98 ± 8.31 and 53.19 ± 10.13 respectively, which were higher than that of the insomnia only group (42.71 ± 8.84), but there was no significant difference between the anxiety and depressive disorder groups. Conclusion: Although there were no differences in demographic data between the patients with insomnia only and those with accompanying depressive or anxiety disorder, the STAI-I and II scores were lower in the insomnia only group. In the future, it is necessary to consider other demographic characteristics including comorbidities and to conduct similar analyses with a larger sample.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2009

Objectives : It is reported that panic disorder is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses. The aim of this study was to investigate differences of psychiatric comorbidity according to age of onset of panic disorder. Methods : Three hundred-two patients participated in the study. All the patients were evaluated by clinical instruments for the assessment the presence of other comorbid psychiatric disorders and various clinical features; Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Self-report questionnaires(Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and clinical rating scale (Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale and Global Assessment of Functional score). Chi-square test was used to determine the difference between early onset and late onset panic disorder. Results : Forty percent of panic patients were found to have at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. There were no differences among the groups divided by number of comorbidity in sex, agoraphobia comorbidity, duration of panic disorder, except onset age of panic disorder. Early onset group had more comorbidy with social phobia, agoraphobia, PTSD. We also found that Early onset panic disorder patients were more likely to experience derealization, nausea, parethesia than late onset panic disorder patients. Conclusion : The results of our study are in keeping with previous data from other parts of the world. Our finding suggest that earier onset of panic disorder related to more psychiatric comorbidity.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.319-332
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical effects of group therapy for Panic disorder patients based on Mindfulness & Li-Gyeung-Byun-Qi therapy. Methods: The FFMQ, BDI, STAI, STAXI, Panic attack, Anticipatory anxiety and subjective improvement of three Panic disorder patients were compared pre- and post-treatment when given Mindfulness & Li-Gyeung-Byun-Qi therapy. Results: 1) After the patient in case 1 underwent 5 weeks of group therapy for Panic disorder, the Mindfulness meditation score was slightly improved, anxiety and depression were significantly decreased, and expression of anger was also improved. In addition, the Panic attack and Anticipatory anxiety became more stable in the objective evaluation, while 'Extreme improvement' was shown in the subjective evaluation. 2) After the patients in case 2 and 3 underwent 5 weeks of group therapy for Panic disorder, Mindfulness meditation scores were slightly improved, anxiety and depression were significantly decreased, and expression of anger was also improved. In addition, the Panic attack and Anticipatory anxiety became more stable in the objective evaluation, while 'Moderate improvements' were shown in the subjective evaluation. Conclusions: As per the results in these cases, it was shown that group therapy for Panic disorder utilizing Mindfulness & Li-Gyeung-Byun-Qi therapy was effective to maintain meditation and control the emotions of anxiety, depression, anger and so on. Therefore, it was considered that expansion of clinical utilization through the standardization of a group therapy program for Panic disorder is needed. Furthermore, it was also considered that a comparative study of the effects of previous cognitive programs for Panic disorder according to the objectified and standardized manual is needed in the future.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 1998

A clinical analysis was carried out for 19 patients who was treated in Dept. of Neuropsychiatry of Taejon Oriental Medicine Hospital from I aug. 1997 to 31 Jul. 1998 and was ruled out as anxiety disorder. The results were summarized as follows. 1. In the distribution of the sex, ratio between female and male was 1:2.8, distribution of the age was even each age, and the primary motive of the onset were psychological trauma, question of money, discord of a household. 2. As for the duration in disease, the duration from a week to a month had a majority of all, and the most duration of the addmission-treatment was a week. 3. The most common symptom were palpitation ·anxiety, headache·dizziness, chest discomfort, the cases of generalized anxiety disorder and atypical anxiety disorder was a large number. 4. In the aromatherapy of absorptive method, the sort of many used essential oil were Lavenda and Rosewood, in the massage, that were Peppermint and Rosemary. 5. The most used recipes were BUNSIMKIYEM(分心氣飮) HACHULBOSIMTANG(夏朮補心湯), CHUNGGANSOYOSAN(淸肝逍遙散), BANHABAEKCHUCHUNMATANG(半夏白朮天麻湯), CUIBIONDAMTANG(歸脾溫膽湯) etc. 6. In the judgement of efficacy, 9 cases showed good efficacy, 9 cases showed no change, 1 case showed excellent efficacy.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.317-327
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• 2022

Objectives: To examine clinical effects of Korean medical treatment on depressive disorder. Methods: Medical records of 102 patients diagnosed with depressive disorder who were treated with Korean medical treatment (herbal-medication, acupuncture, Korean psychotherapy) for at least 12 weeks and measured psychological scales (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)) every 4 weeks were analyzed. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, BDI-II, STAI-X-1/2, BAI, and STAXI-S/T all decreased statistically significantly. STAI-X-1 and BAI were significantly decreased throughout the treatment interval (comparisons every 4 weeks). The other four scales decreased significantly from 0 to 4 weeks and from 8 to 12 weeks. Conclusions: Treatment for depressive disorder with Korean Medicine was effective not only in improving overall symptoms of depressed patients, but also in improving accompanying anxiety, anger, and physical symptoms. In addition, since all scores were gradually decreased, continuous treatment would be important.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2005

In the 40 years since the first benzodiazepine was brought into clinical use there has been a substantial growth in understanding the molecular basis of action of these drugs and the role of their receptors in anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepine receptors are present throughout the brain with the highest concentration in cortex, and it potentiate and prolong the synaptic action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Central benzodiazepine receptors and $GABA_A$ receptors are part of the same macromolecular complex. Abnormalities of these $GABA_A$-benzodiazepine receptors as a result of drug challenge tests and neuroimaging studies may underlie some anxiety disorders. The role of $GABA_A$-benzodiazepine receptors in the action of benzodiazepine and as a factor in anxiety disorder, in both animal and humans including knock-out and knock in technique, may lead to new anxiolytics that have potentially significant therapeutic gains without unwanted side effects.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to review the research trends in the treatment of Tai Chi on anxiety. Methods: We searched for articles in Pubmed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 2009 to December 2018. The selected studies were evaluated by Jadad Scale. Results: One pre-post comparison study and seven controlled clinical trials were selected. HAMA (Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety) and STAI (State Anxiety Inventory) were the most frequently used diagnostic criteria. For outcome measurement, STAI was again the most commo. From Jadad Quality Assessment Scale of 8 articles, the overall quality of the studies was low. Conclusions: According to this study, it seemed that Tai Chi treatment on anxiety disorder is an effective and safe intervention. Therefore, based on this study, more clinical research on diverse forms of treatments of anxiety disorder should be performed in Korean medicine in the near future.