• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1272-1280
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• 2018

Introduction: The aim of this study is to report the effect of Ling-Gui-Gan-Zao-Tang (LGGZT) effectively improves anxiety disorder following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Case Presentation: 50-year-old female with traumatic brain injury after falling down from golf cart. After injury, symptoms like anxiety disorder, diarrhea, dizziness, headache were occurred. She took medications like antidepressants, antianxiety drugs and antipsychotic agent, but symptoms deteriorated consistently. After being prescribed LGGZT, patients' symptoms were significantly improved. Result of Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-K) was changed from 24 to 5 and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was changed from 21 to 3. Also, side effects were not observed during the treatment period. Conclusion: LGGZT can be considered as an effective treatment for anxiety disorder following traumatic brain injury.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.177-186
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• 2021

This review aims to propose a model that can reinterpret the abnormal and functional connections between cognitive processes and emotional regulations based on the neurocognitive networks for a comprehensive understanding of pathologic processes and treatment approach of depression and anxiety disorder. Through the processes of rebuilding the network model for depression and anxiety disorder, it was confirmed that depression can be said to be 'over-immersion in self-referencing' due to hyper-activation of default mode network (DMN), and anxiety disorders to be 'disconnection with self-referencing' due to hypo-activation of DMN. The attempts to link up between abnormal activation and pathological function of DMN which is thought to be involved in self-referential processing associated with self-consciousness and projection among neurocognitive networks may be another starting point that can afford to be suggestive in integrated interpretation and therapeutic approach to depression and anxiety disorder.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.226-236
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• 1993

Seperation anxiety disorder(SAD) is characterized by excessive anxiety about being apart from the individuals to whom a child is most attached. We noticed a case of a 13 year old boy's SAD with symptoms of nausea/vomiting, stomachache, school refusal, and severe weight loss. His mother was overanxious and overdependent but her dependency was frustrated due to family problem. We investigated this case from a point of developmental aspect and family dynamics and tried to attempt therapeutic approach.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2017

Anxiety is one of the basic human emotions. From the evolutionary psychology point of view, it is a necessary factor for survival and prosperity of human beings that had been developed throughout time with the history of human survival and development. Anxiety plays the role of protecting one from social or physical threats. In reality, lacking of anxiety showed lots of examples of maladjustments. But the result of over-adjustment, which is overanxious disorder, is definitely disturbing one's survival and growth, and it can lead to anxiety disorder that needs to be treated. Anxiety from the evolutionary psychology point of view, started as a primary adjustment form and it evolves into various types of anxiety disorders that relates to the modern society's characters. Therefore, having the grasp of evolutionary psychology, which can be the base of treating anxiety and anxiety disorders, is very important. So from now on, studies for this aspect would need to be done as integrated and multidisciplinary studies not only by psychiatrists, but by including epidemiologists, psychologists, ecologists, biologists, and neuropsychologists. In this article, the author tried to review and explore the idea of anxiety and anxiety disorders from the evolutionary psychology point of view.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.64-68
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of initial screening tests for depression and anxiety disorders in children with headache. In addition, this study evaluated whether the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) are suitable for screening symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 720 children aged 7-17 years who had visited a pediatric neurology clinic for headaches and were referred to a pediatric psychiatric clinic for psychiatric symptoms from January 2010 to December 2011. All patients completed the CDI and RCMAS. Among them, charts of patients with clinically significant total scores (cutoff>15) for psychiatric symptoms, as defined by the CDI and RCMAS scoring scales, were reviewed. Results: Nineteen patients had headaches and clinically significant total scores for psychiatric symptoms. The mean age at headache diagnosis was 11.7 years, and 57% were male. Mean duration of headache was 11.5 months. Two point eight percent of the patients were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders including major depression (1.7%), generalized anxiety disorder (1.1%), and bipolar disorder (0.1%). Four patients (0.6%) were diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Total mean CDI and RCMAS scores of patients referred to the psychiatric clinic were 18.8 and 22.2, respectively. There was no correlation between CDI or RCMAS total scores and headache frequency, duration, or severity. Conclusion: We recommend that all patients with headache should be screened for depression and anxiety by CDI and RCMAS scores.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2010

Objectives : Tic disorder is known to be a chronic neuro-behavioral disease, cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) strategies, like habit reversal training (HRT), are introducing recently. We report the effectiveness of HRT in Tourette disorder, which are very common in clinical settings. Methods : The DSM-IV clinical diagnosis applied by child psychiatrist. YGTSS, Kovac's children's depression inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Abbreviated Conners' Rating Scales, Dupaul ADHD Rating Scales are used. Ultimately, totally 10 children were evaluated. Subject group are consist of 6 boys and 4 girls, and the mean age was $10.90{\pm}1.73$ years old. This study is treatment-refractory 10 patients (from 9-14 years old) though 1 years drug treatment and psychiatric consultation were taken. We administered 5 times of HRT for 4 weeks. Results and Conclusion : There were improvement of scores in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Clinical Global Improvement. Our observations indicate that HRT might be effective in the treatment of Tourette disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was to investigate the impact of parental psychiatric disorder on offspring's depression, anxiety, self concept, perception of familial relationship compared with offspring of normal control. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, this study explored whether their psychopathology, self concept, and perception of familial relationship were influenced by parent’s sex, onset time of parent’s psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Methods：52 offsprings aged 10-18 years of 39 psychiatric outpatient were surveyed from June, 1997 to April, 1998 and completed several questionnaaire, including Korean from of the Family Environment Scale, Korean form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Korean form of Kovac’s Children’s Depression Inventory, and Korean form of Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Their score was compared with offsprings’ of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, they were compared according to parent’s sex, onset time of parent's psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Results：The results were as follows：1) Offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder reported higher level of state anxiety and lower level of the FES expressive subscale than offsprings of normals(p<0.05). But they reported higher level of PHCSCS intellectual & school status subscale and popularity subscale than normals(p<0.05). 2) There were no differences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’s sex. 3) Offsprings less than 3 years old when parent’s psychiatric disorder had developed showed higher level of trait anxiety and lower level of FES control subscale than offsprings more than 3 years old (p<0.05). 4) There were no diferences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’ diagnostic groups(schizophrenia spectrum disorder-mood disoderneurosis). Conclusion：The finding indicated that self reported scale of anxiety and depression showed no significant difference between offsprings of psychiatric patients and offsprings of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, parent’s sex and psychiatiric diagnosis had no influence on offspring’s psychopathology. But the offspring’s age(before 3 years old) when the parent’s psychiatriric disorder developed had influence on higher level of offspring’s trait anxiety. For further high risk group study, direct interview and evaluation of parent-child agreement or teacher-child agreement will be needed in longitudinal study.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2015

Background: To investigate the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and comorbid health problems, including depression/anxiety disorder, insomnia/sleep disorder, fatigue, and injury by accident, and to determine whether certain physical and psychological factors reduce comorbid health problems. Methods: In total, 29,711 employees were selected from respondents of the Third Korean Working Conditions Survey and categorized into two groups: Musculoskeletal Complaints or Musculoskeletal Sickness Absence. Four self-reported health indicators (overall fatigue, depression/anxiety, insomnia/sleep disorder, and injury by accident) were selected as outcomes, based on their high prevalence in Korea. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the relationship between comorbid health problems, musculoskeletal complaints, and sickness absence. Results: The prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints and musculoskeletal sickness absence due to muscular pain was 32.26% and 0.59%, respectively. Compared to the reference group, depression/anxiety disorder and overall fatigue were 5.2-6.1 times more prevalent in the Musculoskeletal Complaints Group and insomnia/sleep disorder and injury by accident were 7.6-11.0 times more prevalent in the Sickness Absence Group. When adjusted for individual and work-related physical factors, prevalence of all four comorbid health problems were slightly decreased in both groups. Conclusion: Increases in overall fatigue and depression/anxiety disorder were observed in the Musculoskeletal Complaints Group, while increases in insomnia/sleep disorder and injury by accident were observed in the Sickness Absence Group. For management of musculoskeletal complaints and sickness absence in the workplace, differences in health problems between employees with musculoskeletal complaints and those with sickness absence as well as the physical and psychological risk factors should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.15
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• pp.163-189
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• 2008

This paper is to reveal the relation between the epic of and paranoid personality disorder. I assume that the fact of not recognizing one's own face should be pathological problem. People who suffer from paranoid personality disorder show mistrust and anxiety. I expect that people who don't recognize their own faces from can be related to paranoid personality disorder. The epic of from "An Outline of Korean Folklore Literature" is related to the epic of mistrust and anxiety. The wife from distrusts her husband. She is in fear of being abandoned. She has a doubt that her husband has an affair, so she might lose him. After searching the epic of , I found some peculiarity of people's behave. When you have doubts about your lover, so you are in anxiety, it's hard to think logically. You keep digging for clues expecting that you would prove the unknown truth. It becomes really impossible to make a sense out of you. You cannot be persuaded. These all symptoms are related to paranoid personality disorder. Not every version of from "An Outline of Korean Folklore Literature" is all about symptoms. There are some versions show the solution. Separation for a specified period, self-examination, and recovery of distrust can be the way of solving the problem. In the scene of literary therapy practice, the epic of can be used for the treatment of paranoid personality disorder.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to examine whether anxiety and depression of children and mothers were associated with the children's medically unexplained somatic symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods : 83 clinic-referred boys with ADHD and 52 boys without ADHD were included in this study. The frequency of the medically unexplained somatic symptoms, such as general-ache, headache, nausea, eye problems, skin problems, abdominal pain, vomiting was evaluated using the somatic symptom domain of the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL). Children's anxiety and depression were evaluated using Kovacs Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) for children. Maternal anxiety and depression were measured by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI). Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to examine the hypothesis. Results : Score of maternal state anxiety affects the T score of the somatic symptom domain in CBCL significantly(adjusted $R^2$=0.057 ; p=0.026). Conclusion : The frequency of medically unexplained somatic symptom of children perceived by mothers was associated with the high level of maternal state anxiety in ADHD. Frequent maternal report of the children's somatic symptom may be a warrant for the evaluation and management of the maternal state anxiety in ADHD.