• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제62권3호
• /
• pp.19.1-19.6
• /
• 2022

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Akabane virus (AKAV) are mosquito-borne viruses that cause encephalitis and reproductive disorders in horses and cattle, respectively. There is no treatment for JEV or AKAV infections in animals. Therefore, we evaluated the antiviral activity of 18-mer amphipathic peptides in the 1b-4/21-C series on JEV and AKAV using Vero cells in vitro and evaluated their effects on JEV in mice. Of 6 peptides, 1b-4/21-C12 had the lowest IC₅₀ of 0.313 against JEV and its use as an antiviral against JEV and AKAV was examined. The IC₅₀ of 1b-4/21-C12 against JEV and AKAV was 0.78 and 1.14 µM, respectively. Mice treated with 5 or 2 mg/kg of 1b-4/21-C12 had 32% and 16% survival rates, respectively, and the surviving mice treated with 1b-4/21-C12 began to gain weight beginning 8 days post challenge with the virulent Nakayama strain. Moreover, 20 µM 1b-4/21-C peptide had no cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that 1b-4/21-C12 has antiviral activity against enveloped JEV and AKAV and might be useful as a therapeutic substance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.515-525
• /
• 2020

Interferon (IFN)-λ plays an essential role in mucosal cells which exhibit strong antiviral activity. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) has substantial application potential in the food and medical industries because of its probiotic properties. Alphacoronaviruses, especially porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), cause high morbidity and mortality in piglets resulting in economic loss. Co-infection by these two viruses is becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new drug to prevent diarrhea infected with mixed viruses in piglets. In this study, we first constructed an anchored expression vector with CWA (C-terminal cell wall anchor) on L. plantarum. Second, we constructed two recombinant L. plantarum strains that anchored IFN-λ3 via pgsA (N-terminal transmembrane anchor) and CWA. Third, we demonstrated that both recombinant strains possess strong antiviral effects against coronavirus infection in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). However, recombinant L. plantarum with the CWA anchor exhibited a more powerful antiviral effect than recombinant L. plantarum with pgsA. Consistent with this finding, Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-IFN-λ3-CWA enhanced the expression levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (ISG15, OASL, and Mx1) in IPEC-J2 cells more than did recombinant Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-pgsA'-IFN-λ3. Our study verifies that recombinant L. plantarum inhibits PEDV and TGEV infection in IPEC-J2 cells, which may offer great potential for use as a novel oral antiviral agent in therapeutic applications for combating porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis. This study is the first to show that recombinant L. plantarum suppresses PEDV and TGEV infection of IPEC-J2 cells.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 2005

GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) was a bioactive fraction obtained by the liquid fermentation of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, EtOH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. GLPG was a proteoglycan with a carbohydrate: protein ratio of 10.4: 1. Its antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. In addition, it had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml. In order to study the mode of action of the antiviral activity of GLPG, cells were treated with GLPG before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h post-infection was determined using a $TCID_{50}$ assay. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our work suggests that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early events of viral adsorption and entry into target cells. Thus, this proteoglycan appears to be a candidate anti-HSV agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.1184-1192
• /
• 2019

The influenza A virus is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen that sickens many people with respiratory disease annually. To prevent outbreaks of this viral infection, an understanding of the characteristics of virus-host interaction and development of an anti-viral agent is urgently needed. The influenza A virus can infect mammalian species including humans, pigs, horses and seals. Furthermore, this virus can switch hosts and form a novel lineage. This so-called zoonotic infection provides an opportunity for virus adaptation to the new host and leads to pandemics. Most influenza A viruses express proteins that antagonize the antiviral defense of the host cell. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of the influenza A virus is the most important viral regulatory factor controlling cellular processes to modulate host cell gene expression and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated antiviral response. This review focuses on the influenza A virus NS1 protein and outlines current issues including the life cycle of the influenza A virus, structural characterization of the influenza A virus NS1, interaction between NS1 and host immune response factor, and design of inhibitors resistant to the influenza A virus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.687-693
• /
• 2023

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.790-794
• /
• 2002

A series of novel exomethylene cyclopropyl nucleosides have been synthesized starting from Feist's acid. Classical nucleophilic substitution conditions ($K_2CO_3$, 18-crown-6) of the tosylate 2 as well as Mitsunobu reaction (DEAD, $PPh_3$) of alcohol 1 with pyrimidine bases afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides. Compound 4b displayed moderate anti-HBV activity without any cytotoxicity up to $100{\;}{\mu}M$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.1662-1668
• /
• 2011

Steric and electronic parameters of 4'-substituents play significant roles in steering the conformation of nucleoside analogues. In order to investigate the relationship of 4'-substituent with antiviral enhancement, novel 4'-phenyl-5'-norcarbocyclic adenosine phosphonic acid analogues were racemically synthesized via de novo acyclic stereoselective route from propionaldehyde 5. The phenyl substituted cyclopentenols 15a and 15b as key intermediates were successfully constructed via reiterative carbonyl addition of Grignard reagents and ring-closing metathesis of corresponding divinyl 14. The synthesized nucleoside phosphonic acids analogues 19, 20, 21, and 23 were subjected to antiviral screening against HIV-1.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.2180-2184
• /
• 2010

We synthesized and tested the anti-HIV activity of the SATE prodrug of a 2'-methyl 5'-norcarbocyclic adenine analogue. The introduction of a methyl group in the 2'-position was performed by the addition of a carbonyl using isopropenyl magnesium bromide. The adenine base was efficiently coupled using the Mitsunobu reaction. The chemical stability study of the bis(SATE) derivative 18 was measured at neutral (pH 7.2) and slightly acid (milli-Q water, pH 5.5) pH, and compounds 16 and 18 were evaluated as potential anti-HIV-1 agents.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.230-235
• /
• 2012

Synthesis of novel cyclopropyl pyrimidine and purine nucleoside derivatives 2~8 with ${\alpha}$-configuration was successfully accomplished using an epoxide-ring opening reaction, lactonization, a hydroboration-oxidation reaction and a Mitsunobu reaction as the key steps. Antiviral activities against HSV-1 and -2, HIV-1 and -2, coxsackie B1and B3 viruses and poliovirus were assayed. Three compounds 4, 7 and 8 exhibit cytotoxicity-derived antiviral activity only in HIV-1 and -2.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제33권12호
• /
• pp.4007-4014
• /
• 2012

Efficient synthetic route to novel 4'-fluorinated 5'-deoxythreosyl phosphonic acid nucleosides was described from glyceraldehyde using Horner-Emmons reaction in the presence of triethyl ${\alpha}$-fluorophosphonoacetate. Glycosylation reaction of nucleosidic bases with glycosly donor 14 gave the nucleosides which were further phosphonated and hydrolyzed to reach desired nucleoside analogues. Synthesized nucleoside analogues 18, 21, 25 and 28 were tested for anti-HIV activity as well as cytotoxicity. Adenine derivatives 18 and 21 showed significant anti-HIV activity up to $100{\mu}M$.